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Compt. rend.

OPTICAL RESONANCE OF CADMIUM VAPOR WITH SEPARATED ODD AND EVEN ISOTOPES

Manfred Spitzer

Published Feb 1, 1959• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Experiments on optical resonance were made on cadmium vapor with the isotopes distinguished by the 3261 A line. The degree of polarization observed was 0.95 for the 114 isotope and 0.44 for the 1l1 and 113 isotopes instead of 0.51 for the nntural mixture. This result confirms the influence of nuclear spin in the explanation of the phenomena. (tr-auth)

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POLARIZATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE LIGHT EMITTED BY OPTICAL RESONANCE OF THE 2,288 A RADIATION BY THE 114 AND 111 ISOTOPES OF CADMIUM.

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Secondary Radiation and Polarization of Resonance Radiation in Cadmium

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Secondary radiation in cadmium vapor containing mercury as an impurity.---Attention is called to the points of difference between the conditions under which the two types of optically excited spectra of mercury vapor appear, namely resonance radiation and fluorescence. In the present experiments it is noted that when a bulb containing cadmium with a slight impurity of mercury is illuminated by light of 2288A wave-length the secondary radiation contains the mercury line 2536.7A in addition to the cadmium lines 2288A and 3261A provided the metal is distilling. As soon as the vapor is stagnant, however, only the cadmium 2288A line appears. The suggestion is made that the phenomenon is due to the presence in the distilling vapor of unstable HgCd molecules. In such a molecule the Cd atom may absorb the 2288A radiation and subsequently in the breakdown of the molecule may excite the Hg atom by a collision of the second kind.Polarization of the cadmium resonance, radiation in zero magnetic field.---The polarization of the cadmium resonance radiation (3261A) in zero magnetic field under certain conditions was found to be 35 percent. In order to explain this value by the kinetic theory, one must assign effective radii to the colliding atoms which are thirty times the radii effective in ordinary collisions.

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SELECTIVE REFLECTION FROM MERCURY AND CADMIUM VAPORS

H. L. Welsh, Jacob Kastner, A. C. Lauriston

Selective reflection from mercury and cadmium vapors in the neighborhood of the resonance lines was investigated quantitatively using incident light of continuous spectral distribution. For a given experimental arrangement the lowest vapor density (atoms per cubic centimeter) at which selective reflection could be detected at Hg 2537 Å, Cd 2288 Å, and Cd 3261 Å was inversely proportional to the oscillator strength (f-value) of the absorption line. Contours of the selective reflection of the Hg 2537 Å and Cd 2288 Å lines were obtained over a large range of vapor densities up to 80 × 1018 atoms per cc. At this density the cadmium reflection extended over several thousand cm.−1 compared to about a hundred cm.−1 for mercury. The general features of the reflection contours can be explained by the theory of reflection from an absorbing medium. Fitting a theoretical curve to the experimental reflection contour yields values of the oscillator strength and the damping constant. For Hg 2537 Å and Cd 2288 Å the f-values are 0.0268 and 1.40 respectively, in good agreement with those found by other methods. The damping constant, γ, varies as the square root of the number of atoms per cubic centimeter, indicating that the mechanism of selective reflection is not the same as that for absorption and emission. An empirical areal law for selective reflection confirms the relationship [Formula: see text]. A shift of the resonance frequency of the order of magnitude of the coupling shift calculated by Weisskopf was observed for Hg 2537 Å. Deviations from theory at both high and low pressures were observed for Cd 2288 Å. The low pressure deviation takes the form of a line of residual intensity at the resonance frequency, which may be due to a different kind of selective reflection.

Canadian Journal of Research•Mar 1, 1950•12 citations
Experiments on optical resonance were made on cadmium vapor with the isotopes distinguished by the 3261 A line. The degree of polarization observed was 0.95 for the 114 isotope and 0.44 for the 1l1 and 113 isotopes instead of 0.51 for the nntural mixture. This result confirms the influence of nuclear spin in the explanation of the phenomena. (tr-auth)
Secondary radiation in cadmium vapor containing mercury as an impurity.---Attention is called to the points of difference between the conditions under which the two types of optically excited spectra of mercury vapor appear, namely resonance radiation and fluorescence. In the present experiments it is noted that when a bulb containing cadmium with a slight impurity of mercury is illuminated by light of 2288A wave-length the secondary radiation contains the mercury line 2536.7A in addition to the cadmium lines 2288A and 3261A provided the metal is distilling. As soon as the vapor is stagnant, however, only the cadmium 2288A line appears. The suggestion is made that the phenomenon is due to the presence in the distilling vapor of unstable HgCd molecules. In such a molecule the Cd atom may absorb the 2288A radiation and subsequently in the breakdown of the molecule may excite the Hg atom by a collision of the second kind.Polarization of the cadmium resonance, radiation in zero magnetic field.---The polarization of the cadmium resonance radiation (3261A) in zero magnetic field under certain conditions was found to be 35 percent. In order to explain this value by the kinetic theory, one must assign effective radii to the colliding atoms which are thirty times the radii effective in ordinary collisions.
Excitation of atoms in a vapor by polarized light produces unequal population of the magnetic sublevels of the excited state. The emitted optical resonance radiation is therefore partly polarized. The application of radiofrequency or microwave fields at a magnetic resonance frequency will induce transitions between sublevels of the excited state. The degree of polarization of the emitted optical resonance radiation is altered when the magnetic resonance condition is fulfilled. As suggested by Brossel and Kastler, this effect may be used to reveal the structure of the energy level. A detailed theory applicable to, and experiments on the 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ state of all the isotopes of mercury are reported. The results obtained indicate that double resonance phenomena constitute a valuable new tool for investigating the structure of atomic energy levels. The mean life of the 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ state is shown by observations on the resonance line widths to be 1.55\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ sec for all the isotopes. The ggg-factor of the 3P1^{3}P_{1}3P1​ state for isotopes with zero spin, measured in terms of the proton ggg-factor, is 1.4838\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0004.
It has been demonstrated that optical pumping of alkali atoms (rubidium and cesium) results to a highly efficient indirect optical orientation of metastable He (2 3 S 1 ) atoms. However, in an attempt to perform the inverse experiment (i.e. to receive spin-polarization of alkali atoms upon optical pumping of metastable helium atoms) the result was quite unexpected: the magnetic resonance signal of Cs or Rb atoms was very weak (several hundred times weaker compared to conventional optical pumping of helium in the presence of cesium (rubidium)). We propose an explanation for the unusually small ratio of the magnetic resonance signals from Cs (Rb) and metastable He atoms under condition of optical orientation of He atoms. Except of Cs atoms we are the first to have observed magnetic resonance signals from atoms of 85 Rb and 87 Rb isotopes when using the indirect optical orientation in conditions of helium-rubidium gas discharge plasma. It is shown that the anomaly in the amplitude ratios of the observed MR signals can be explained by the unidirectional action of three different factors (the presence of a large nuclear spin of alkali atoms, depolarization of alkali atoms between collisions, and spin exchange between atoms of rubidium isotopes (for the He-Rb system).
Selective reflection from mercury and cadmium vapors in the neighborhood of the resonance lines was investigated quantitatively using incident light of continuous spectral distribution. For a given experimental arrangement the lowest vapor density (atoms per cubic centimeter) at which selective reflection could be detected at Hg 2537 Å, Cd 2288 Å, and Cd 3261 Å was inversely proportional to the oscillator strength (f-value) of the absorption line. Contours of the selective reflection of the Hg 2537 Å and Cd 2288 Å lines were obtained over a large range of vapor densities up to 80 × 1018 atoms per cc. At this density the cadmium reflection extended over several thousand cm.−1 compared to about a hundred cm.−1 for mercury. The general features of the reflection contours can be explained by the theory of reflection from an absorbing medium. Fitting a theoretical curve to the experimental reflection contour yields values of the oscillator strength and the damping constant. For Hg 2537 Å and Cd 2288 Å the f-values are 0.0268 and 1.40 respectively, in good agreement with those found by other methods. The damping constant, γ, varies as the square root of the number of atoms per cubic centimeter, indicating that the mechanism of selective reflection is not the same as that for absorption and emission. An empirical areal law for selective reflection confirms the relationship [Formula: see text]. A shift of the resonance frequency of the order of magnitude of the coupling shift calculated by Weisskopf was observed for Hg 2537 Å. Deviations from theory at both high and low pressures were observed for Cd 2288 Å. The low pressure deviation takes the form of a line of residual intensity at the resonance frequency, which may be due to a different kind of selective reflection.