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Journal of Modern Optics

Quantum Cryptography with Polarized Photons in Optical Fibres

Jacques Breguet, A. Muller, Nicolas Gisin

Published Dec 1, 1994• 55 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An all-fibre quantum cryptography set-up based on the polarization of single photon pulses is described. The feasibility of establishing a key over more than 1 km has been experimentally demonstrated. The limits due to the topological effects, the birefringence, and the polarization mode dispersion of fibres are discussed. A set-up using only two non-orthogonal polarization states and polarizers instead of analysers is proposed.

DOI
10.1080/09500349414552251

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An all-fibre quantum cryptography set-up based on the polarization of single photon pulses is described. The feasibility of establishing a key over more than 1 km has been experimentally demonstrated. The limits due to the topological effects, the birefringence, and the polarization mode dispersion of fibres are discussed. A set-up using only two non-orthogonal polarization states and polarizers instead of analysers is proposed.
The secure distribution of the secret random bit sequences known as ‘key’ material, is an essential precursor to their use for the encryption and decryption of confidential communications. Quantum cryptography is a new technique for secure key distribution with single-photon transmissions: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle ensures that an adversary can neither successfully tap the key transmissions, nor evade detection (eavesdropping raises the key error rate above a threshold value). We have developed experimental quantum cryptography systems based on the transmission of non-orthogonal photon states to generate shared key material over multikilometre optical fibre paths and over line-of-sight links. In both cases, key material is built up using the transmission of a single-photon per bit of an initial secret random sequence. A quantum-mechanically random subset of this sequence is identified, becoming the key material after a data reconciliation stage with the sender. Here we report the most recent results of our optical fibre experiment in which we have performed quantum key distribution over a 48 km optical fibre network at Los Alamos using photon interference states with the B92 and BB84 quantum key distribution protocols.
Work presents the brief review of the contemporary state of quantum cryptography science. Main principles of the quantum cryptography protocol development are illustrated by giving the example of BB84 protocol. Examples of experimental setups for the quantum key distribution through the atmosphere and fiber quantum channel are described in this work. The work presents results of experiments conducted on the developed setup based on single photon polarization coding. Problem of single photon detection in the visible and near IR area is considered. Work describes developed fiber based quantum cryptography working with the telecom wavelength 1555 nm. With the use of this experimental setup using the 25 km single mode telecom fiber (1555 nm wavelength) between sender and receiver we achieved the 450 bit/s quantum key generation with the use of 5 MHz pulse repetition rate, ~0.2 photon/pulse. Given the achieved photodetector parameters an average quantum bit error rate is less than 3.7%.
We demonstrate distribution of polarization entangled photons over 100 km of optical fiber. Measurements of the two-photon visibility, without dark count subtraction, have shown that the quantum correlations (raw visibility 89%) allow secure quantum cryptography after 100 km of non-zero dispersion shifted fiber using commercially available single photon detectors. In addition, quantum tomography has revealed little degradation of entangled state indicating minimal loss in fidelity during the transmission.
To deal with the effect of polarization mode dispersion in single mode fiber,which makes the polarization encoding unsuitable for the fiber-based quantum cryptography,we implemented the experimental demonstration of a quantum cryptography scheme with timing tags using polarization-entangled photon pairs.This scheme can overcome the influence of collective rotation noise of polarization mode in single mode fiber and can work without shared reference frames.A brief introduction is given to the principles and experimental course of this proposal,followed by a discussion on the electronics design for the whole quantum cryptography system.Finally,some results are given and compared them to the theoretical predicts.
Quantum cryptography allows the establishing of a highly confidential sequence of random bits between two parties who share no secret information in advance. Its security is guaranteed by the basic laws of quantum mechanics rather than mathematical difficulty. An experimental system based on a novel protocol for quantum cryptography using only two nonorthogonal photon polarization states is implemented. The photon sources are two semiconductor laser diodes operated at 680 nm, their light pulses which are heavily attenuated to far below one photon per pulse are employed to encode the key. Gated single photon detection technique is used to minimize the dark count effect of the photon multiplier tube. Key establishing rate of 40 b/s and error rate of 2.1% are obtained. Compared with other systems, our system has the simplest experimental setup.