We present a contextualist statistical realistic model for quantum-like representations in physics, cognitive science and psychology. We apply this model to describe cognitive experiments to check quantum-like structures of mental processes. The crucial role is played by interference of probabilities for mental observables. Recently one of such experiments based on recognition of images was performed. This experiment confirmed our prediction on quantum-like behaviour of mind. In our approach ``quantumness of mind'' has no direct relation to the fact that the brain (as any physical body) is composed of quantum particles. We invented a new terminology ``quantum-like (QL) mind.'' Cognitive QL-behaviour is characterized by nonzero coefficient of interference
λ. This coefficient can be found on the basis of statistical data. There is predicted not only
cosθ-interference of probabilities, but also hyperbolic
coshθ-interference. This interference was never observed for physical systems, but we could not exclude this possibility for cognitive systems. We propose a model of brain functioning as QL-computer (there is discussed difference between quantum and QL computers).
Analysis of the brain as a physical system, that has the capacity of generating a display of every day observed experiences and contains some knowledge of the physical reality which stimulates those experiences, suggests the brain executes a self-measurement process described by quantum theory. Assuming physical reality is a universe of interacting self-measurement loops, we present a model of space as a field of cells executing such self-measurement activities. Empty space is the observable associated with the measurement of this field when the mass and charge density defining the material aspect of the cells satisfy the least action principle. Content is the observable associated with the measurement of the quantum wave function ψ interpreted as mass-charge displacements. The illusion of space and its content incorporated into cognitive biological systems is evidence of self-measurement activity that can be associated with quantum operations.
Introduction: On Issues in Complementarity and Beyond M.E. Carvallo. Part I: Complementarity, Epistemology, and Ontology. 1. Complementarity-Polarity-Dialectic-Autology: A Conceptual Analysis of Opposition and Unity A. Locker. 2. Complementarity as Challenge: Prefigurations in the History of Thinking H. Fischer-Barnicol. 3. Bohr's Idea of Complementarity J. Hilgevoord. 4. Complementarity and Our Knowledge of Nature H.J. Folse. 5. Ontological Implications of Complementarity K.V. Laurikainen. 6. Aspects of Complementarity R. Vallee. Part II: Complementarity: Alternative Views and Applications. 7. The Probability Trees of Quantum Mechanics: Probabilistic Meta-Dependence and Meta-Meta-Dependence M. Mugur-Schachter. 8. Complementarity in Language: Toward a General Understanding L. Loefgren. 9. Language, Incompleteness and Continuous Domains: Considerations of Complementarity of Abstractions H.W. Campbell, D.G. Stuart. 10. The Measurement Problem in Physics, Computation, and Brain Theories H.H. Pattee. 11. On the Double Architecture of the Semantic Memory P. Erdi, T. Groebler, P. Marton. 12. Axiomatic Methods in Science P. Suppes. 13. Complementarity in the Theory of Conversations and Lp G. Pask. 14. A Theory of Bargains in Experience S.M. Lindenberg. Part III: Beyond Complementarity, Beyond Physics. 15. Complementarity or Process? T. Bastin. 16. Can Quantum Computation Provide a Physically Realistic Model of the Self and Its Brain? P.J.Marcer. 17. Non-Locality in Nature and Cognition F.D. Peat. 18. Spontaneity of Consciousness V.V. Nalimov. 19. A Brief Prolegomenon to the Principle of Metaphoricity M.E. Carvallo. Name Index. Subject Index.