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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Electron impact excitation of laser-excited rubidium atoms

Zuyi Wei, Charles M. Flynn, Bernhard Stumpf

Published May 1, 1993• 0 citations
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Abstract

A rubidium beam is intersected at right angles by a cylindrical electron beam and a counterpropagating, circularly polarized diode-laser beam, tuned to the F{sup {prime}} = 3 {r_arrow} F = 4 hyperfine transition of the 5{sup 2}S{sub 1/2} resonance line (780 nm) of {sup 85}Rb. Optical pumping creates {sup 85}Rb 5{sup 2}P atoms in a pure spin and angular momentum state {vert_bar}F=4, M{sub F}=4{r_angle} = {vert_bar}J=3/2, M{sub J}=3/2{r_angle}={vert_bar}M{sub L}=1, M{sub S}=1/2{r_angle}. Electrons of a few eV energy collide with these laser-excited rubidium atoms and excite them further to an upper state n{sup {prime}}L{sup {prime}}J{sup {prime}} from which they decay back to the 5{sup 2}P state. This n{sup {prime}}L{sup {prime}}J{sup {prime}}{r_arrow}5{sup 2}P fluorescence is detected to determine the 5{sup 2}P{sub 3/2,3/2}{r_arrow}6{sup 2}D{sub 3/2,5/2} excitation will be presented.

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Diode laser excitation of rubidium atoms at the D2 line followed by (1 + 1) ionization using a pulsed dye laser was examined. Mass-resolved D2 spectra were recorded for both natural isotopes. Excitation using two sequential diode laser photons was accomplished by counterpropagating the beam from the 780 nm laser and one from a 775.8 laser; the latter excites Rb from the {sup 5}P{sub 3/2} level to the {sup 5}D{sub 5/2} level at 25704 cm{sup {minus}1}. A photon from the R6G laser then ionized the atom. Spectra resulting from scanning the second diode laser -- with the first an an off-resonance fixed frequency revealed both two-photon and sequential (1 + 1) processes.

•Jan 1, 1992•3 citations

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An ongoing spectroscopic investigation of atomic rubidium utilizes a two-photon, single-laser excitation process. Transitions accessible with our tunable laser include 5P1/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F) and 5P3/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F). The laser is split into a pump and probe beam to allow for Doppler-free measurements of transitions between hyperfine levels. The pump and probe beams are overlapped in a counter-propagating geometry and the laser frequency scans over a transition. Absorption, fluorescence and polarization spectroscopy techniques are applied to this basic experimental setup. The temperature of the vapor cell and the power of the pump and probe beams have been varied to explore line broadening effects and signal-to-noise of each technique. This humble setup will hopefully grow into a more robust experimental arrangement in which double resonance, two-laser excitations are used to explore hyperfine state changing collisions between rubidium atoms and noble gas atoms. Rb-noble gas collisions can transfer population between hyperfine levels, such as 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3) Collision ←− 5P3/2 (F ′ = 2), and the probe beam couples 7S1/2 (F ′′ = 2) ← 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3). Polarization spectroscopy signal depends on the rate of population transfer due to the collision as well as maintaining the orientation created by the pump laser. Fluorescence spectroscopy relies only on transfer of population due to the collision. Comparison of these techniques yields information regarding the change of the magnetic sublevels, mF , during hyperfine state changing collisions.

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C'oUisional population of rubidium 4D and 65 levels by laser excitation of Rb and Rb-Na vapor mixture

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The population and deactivation processes of the first excited 2S and 2D levels of alkali atoms have not been the focus of extensive attention to date, since these levels do not have dipole transitions to the 2S ground state, and the only radiative transitions to the 2p resonance level lie in the IR ( 1-3 fLm). We have demonstrated that in the case of potassium it is possible to populate the 32D and 52S levels in socalled optical collisions by laser excitation of the vapor and also by excitation energy transfer (EET) from the laser-excited Kidimers. 1 The lines of the corresponding 4D--->5P (1.529/1.475 f.lm and 6S ---> 5P (1.367/1.324 f.lm) transitions have also been identified in the laser-induced fluorescence of rubidium vapor,2 although the population mechanism of the levels is not examined in the present study. This st~dy will focus on determining the processes that result in the population of the Rb 42D and 62S levels and to determining the rate constants of these1'rocesses. The spectrum of the LGN-402 argon laser-induced fluorescence of Rb vapors was recorded in the IR by cooled Ge photo diodes selected for IR sensitivity and configured along the outlet slit of an MDR-3 monochromator. The synchronous detection method was employed. A FEU-79 photomultiplier was used in the visible range. Details on the experimental setup can be found in Ref. 3. The Rb vapor was excited by various argon laser lines (514.5-476.5 nm), although the 5l4.5-nm line was of primary interest. The C 1 ITu state of the RB2 dimer is not populated by this laser line; its predissociation efficiently populates the 52P resonance levels4 (see Fig. 1). Moreover the 5l4.5-nm laser line is closer in energy to the Rb 5S--->4D quadrupole transition (M= 75 cm-I). In the experiment at an atomic concentration [Rb] _1016 cm-3 the fluorescence lines from the 62S level (2.5 eV) were weaker by a factor of 50 compared to the lines from the 42D level (2.4 eV). A transition to the shorterwavelength laser excitation lines causes a certain increase in the population efficiency of the 4D level, although it also results in a more rapid growth of the population of the 5P resonance level due to the predissociation of Rb2 (C 1IT u ). I. In pure Rb vapors I) the line intensity of the 4D---> 5P transition has a linear relation to the laser excitation power ,(514.5 nm andp 5X 1016 cm-3 can be attributed to the onset of collisional quenching of the RB 4D state ('Trad =90 nsec). 5 So-called opticaJ.collisions lead to the population of the 4D level in these conditions (Aexc = 514.5 nm and no Na impurities)

OptSp•Aug 1, 1988•0 citations

Energy-Pooling Collisions in Rubidium: 5 P 3/2 +5 P 3/2 →5 S +( nl = 5 D ,7 S )

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We experimentally study rubidium energy pooling collisions of Rb(5 P 3/2 )+Rb(5 P 3/2 )→Rb(5 S 1/2 )+Rb ( nl J = 5 D J ,7 S 1/2 ) at low densities in a cell using diode laser excitation. The excited-atom density and spatial distribution are mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counterpropagating single-mode diode laser beam, tuned to the 5 P 3/2 →7 S 1/2 transition, which could be translated parallel to the pump beam. The excited atom densities are combined with measured fluorescence ratios to determine cross sections for the rubidium energy pooling process. The cross sections for nl J being 5 D 5/2 , 5 D 3/2 , and 7 S 1/2 are (1.32±0.59) × 10 −14 , (1.18±0.53) × 10 −14 and (3.21±1.44) × 10 −15 cm 2 , respectively.

Chinese Physics Letters•Oct 27, 2005•13 citations

Control of electronic magnetic state population via light polarization in the 5 p 3/2 6 p 3/2 electric quadrupole transition in atomic rubidium

Cristian Mojica-Casique, F. Ponciano-Ojeda, Santiago Hernández-Gómez +6 more

Abstract Doppler-free optical double-resonance spectroscopy is used to study the 5 s 1 / 2 → 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 excitation sequence in room-temperature rubidium atoms. This involves a 5 s 1 / 2 → 5 p 3 / 2 electric dipole preparation step followed by the 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 electric quadrupole excitation. A detailed experimental and theoretical study of the dependance on the excitation beams polarization from the 420 nm decay fluorescence ( 6 p 3 / 2 → 5 s 1 / 2 ) is presented. When a circularly polarized preparation beam is used, it produces a strongly oriented 5 p 3 / 2 intermediate state. In this case a linear quadrupole excitation beam transfers the oriented state to the 6 p 3 / 2 hyperfine states. For linearly polarized preparation and quadrupole excitation beams the spectra of the 6 p 3 / 2 hyperfine lines follow a cosine squared dependence on the angle betwe

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[Energy-pooling collisions of rubidium atoms: Rb (5P(J)) + Rb (5P(J))--> Rb (5S) + Rb (nl = 5D,7S)].

Baoxia Mu, Shuying Wang, Xiu-Hua Cui +4 more

An experimental study of rubidium energy pooling collisions, Rb(5P(J)) + Rb(5P(J))-->Rb(nlJ') + Rb(5S), at thermal energies, was carried out in a cell. Atoms were excited to either the 5P 1/2 or 5P 3/2 state using a single-mode diode laser. The excited atom density and spatial distribution were mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counter-propagating single-mode diode laser beam, tuned to either 5P 1/2-->5D 3/2 or 5P 3/2-->7S 1/2 transition, which could be translated parallel to the pump beam. The excited atom densities were combined with the measured fluorescence ratios to determine cross sections for the rubidium energy pooling process. For 5P 3/2 excitation the cross sections for nlJ' being 5D 5/2, 5D 3/2, and 7S 1/2 are (1.32+/-0.59) x 10(-14), (1.18+/-0.53) x 10(-14) and (3. 21+/-1. 44) x 10(-15) cm2, respectively. For 5P 1/2 excitation the cross sections for nlJ' being 5D 5/2 and 5D 3/2 are (6.57+/-2.96) x 10(-15), and (5.90+/-2.66) x 10(-15) cm2, respectively. The results were compared with those of other experiments.

•Sep 1, 2006•1 citation
A rubidium beam is intersected at right angles by a cylindrical electron beam and a counterpropagating, circularly polarized diode-laser beam, tuned to the F{sup {prime}} = 3 {r_arrow} F = 4 hyperfine transition of the 5{sup 2}S{sub 1/2} resonance line (780 nm) of {sup 85}Rb. Optical pumping creates {sup 85}Rb 5{sup 2}P atoms in a pure spin and angular momentum state {vert_bar}F=4, M{sub F}=4{r_angle} = {vert_bar}J=3/2, M{sub J}=3/2{r_angle}={vert_bar}M{sub L}=1, M{sub S}=1/2{r_angle}. Electrons of a few eV energy collide with these laser-excited rubidium atoms and excite them further to an upper state n{sup {prime}}L{sup {prime}}J{sup {prime}} from which they decay back to the 5{sup 2}P state. This n{sup {prime}}L{sup {prime}}J{sup {prime}}{r_arrow}5{sup 2}P fluorescence is detected to determine the 5{sup 2}P{sub 3/2,3/2}{r_arrow}6{sup 2}D{sub 3/2,5/2} excitation will be presented.
Diode laser excitation of rubidium atoms at the D2 line followed by (1 + 1) ionization using a pulsed dye laser was examined. Mass-resolved D2 spectra were recorded for both natural isotopes. Excitation using two sequential diode laser photons was accomplished by counterpropagating the beam from the 780 nm laser and one from a 775.8 laser; the latter excites Rb from the {sup 5}P{sub 3/2} level to the {sup 5}D{sub 5/2} level at 25704 cm{sup {minus}1}. A photon from the R6G laser then ionized the atom. Spectra resulting from scanning the second diode laser -- with the first an an off-resonance fixed frequency revealed both two-photon and sequential (1 + 1) processes.
An ongoing spectroscopic investigation of atomic rubidium utilizes a two-photon, single-laser excitation process. Transitions accessible with our tunable laser include 5P1/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F) and 5P3/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F). The laser is split into a pump and probe beam to allow for Doppler-free measurements of transitions between hyperfine levels. The pump and probe beams are overlapped in a counter-propagating geometry and the laser frequency scans over a transition. Absorption, fluorescence and polarization spectroscopy techniques are applied to this basic experimental setup. The temperature of the vapor cell and the power of the pump and probe beams have been varied to explore line broadening effects and signal-to-noise of each technique. This humble setup will hopefully grow into a more robust experimental arrangement in which double resonance, two-laser excitations are used to explore hyperfine state changing collisions between rubidium atoms and noble gas atoms. Rb-noble gas collisions can transfer population between hyperfine levels, such as 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3) Collision ←− 5P3/2 (F ′ = 2), and the probe beam couples 7S1/2 (F ′′ = 2) ← 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3). Polarization spectroscopy signal depends on the rate of population transfer due to the collision as well as maintaining the orientation created by the pump laser. Fluorescence spectroscopy relies only on transfer of population due to the collision. Comparison of these techniques yields information regarding the change of the magnetic sublevels, mF , during hyperfine state changing collisions.
The population and deactivation processes of the first excited 2S and 2D levels of alkali atoms have not been the focus of extensive attention to date, since these levels do not have dipole transitions to the 2S ground state, and the only radiative transitions to the 2p resonance level lie in the IR ( 1-3 fLm). We have demonstrated that in the case of potassium it is possible to populate the 32D and 52S levels in socalled optical collisions by laser excitation of the vapor and also by excitation energy transfer (EET) from the laser-excited Kidimers. 1 The lines of the corresponding 4D--->5P (1.529/1.475 f.lm and 6S ---> 5P (1.367/1.324 f.lm) transitions have also been identified in the laser-induced fluorescence of rubidium vapor,2 although the population mechanism of the levels is not examined in the present study. This st~dy will focus on determining the processes that result in the population of the Rb 42D and 62S levels and to determining the rate constants of these1'rocesses. The spectrum of the LGN-402 argon laser-induced fluorescence of Rb vapors was recorded in the IR by cooled Ge photo diodes selected for IR sensitivity and configured along the outlet slit of an MDR-3 monochromator. The synchronous detection method was employed. A FEU-79 photomultiplier was used in the visible range. Details on the experimental setup can be found in Ref. 3. The Rb vapor was excited by various argon laser lines (514.5-476.5 nm), although the 5l4.5-nm line was of primary interest. The C 1 ITu state of the RB2 dimer is not populated by this laser line; its predissociation efficiently populates the 52P resonance levels4 (see Fig. 1). Moreover the 5l4.5-nm laser line is closer in energy to the Rb 5S--->4D quadrupole transition (M= 75 cm-I). In the experiment at an atomic concentration [Rb] _1016 cm-3 the fluorescence lines from the 62S level (2.5 eV) were weaker by a factor of 50 compared to the lines from the 42D level (2.4 eV). A transition to the shorterwavelength laser excitation lines causes a certain increase in the population efficiency of the 4D level, although it also results in a more rapid growth of the population of the 5P resonance level due to the predissociation of Rb2 (C 1IT u ). I. In pure Rb vapors I) the line intensity of the 4D---> 5P transition has a linear relation to the laser excitation power ,(514.5 nm andp 5X 1016 cm-3 can be attributed to the onset of collisional quenching of the RB 4D state ('Trad =90 nsec). 5 So-called opticaJ.collisions lead to the population of the 4D level in these conditions (Aexc = 514.5 nm and no Na impurities)
We experimentally study rubidium energy pooling collisions of Rb(5 P 3/2 )+Rb(5 P 3/2 )→Rb(5 S 1/2 )+Rb ( nl J = 5 D J ,7 S 1/2 ) at low densities in a cell using diode laser excitation. The excited-atom density and spatial distribution are mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counterpropagating single-mode diode laser beam, tuned to the 5 P 3/2 →7 S 1/2 transition, which could be translated parallel to the pump beam. The excited atom densities are combined with measured fluorescence ratios to determine cross sections for the rubidium energy pooling process. The cross sections for nl J being 5 D 5/2 , 5 D 3/2 , and 7 S 1/2 are (1.32±0.59) × 10 −14 , (1.18±0.53) × 10 −14 and (3.21±1.44) × 10 −15 cm 2 , respectively.
Abstract Doppler-free optical double-resonance spectroscopy is used to study the 5 s 1 / 2 → 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 excitation sequence in room-temperature rubidium atoms. This involves a 5 s 1 / 2 → 5 p 3 / 2 electric dipole preparation step followed by the 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 electric quadrupole excitation. A detailed experimental and theoretical study of the dependance on the excitation beams polarization from the 420 nm decay fluorescence ( 6 p 3 / 2 → 5 s 1 / 2 ) is presented. When a circularly polarized preparation beam is used, it produces a strongly oriented 5 p 3 / 2 intermediate state. In this case a linear quadrupole excitation beam transfers the oriented state to the 6 p 3 / 2 hyperfine states. For linearly polarized preparation and quadrupole excitation beams the spectra of the 6 p 3 / 2 hyperfine lines follow a cosine squared dependence on the angle betwe
An experimental study of rubidium energy pooling collisions, Rb(5P(J)) + Rb(5P(J))-->Rb(nlJ') + Rb(5S), at thermal energies, was carried out in a cell. Atoms were excited to either the 5P 1/2 or 5P 3/2 state using a single-mode diode laser. The excited atom density and spatial distribution were mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counter-propagating single-mode diode laser beam, tuned to either 5P 1/2-->5D 3/2 or 5P 3/2-->7S 1/2 transition, which could be translated parallel to the pump beam. The excited atom densities were combined with the measured fluorescence ratios to determine cross sections for the rubidium energy pooling process. For 5P 3/2 excitation the cross sections for nlJ' being 5D 5/2, 5D 3/2, and 7S 1/2 are (1.32+/-0.59) x 10(-14), (1.18+/-0.53) x 10(-14) and (3. 21+/-1. 44) x 10(-15) cm2, respectively. For 5P 1/2 excitation the cross sections for nlJ' being 5D 5/2 and 5D 3/2 are (6.57+/-2.96) x 10(-15), and (5.90+/-2.66) x 10(-15) cm2, respectively. The results were compared with those of other experiments.