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Coherent control of light propagation in integrated optical waveguides

Ricard Menchon-Enrich

Published Sep 9, 2009• 0 citations
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Abstract

Grup d’Optica, Dept. de Fsica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193Bellaterra, SpainDepartament de Micro i Nanosistemes, Institut de Microelectronica de Barcelona -Centre Nacional de Microelectronica, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainE-mail: ricard.menchon@uab.catAbstract. Coherent control and manipulation of light propagation in systems ofthree coupled rib optical waveguides is addressed. We show that by an appropriatevariation of the distance among waveguides, it is possible to transfer a beam oflight between the outermost waveguides with very low excitement of the central one,resembling the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) technique. Resultsfor total internal reection (TIR) waveguides and for anti-resonant reecting opticalwaveguides (ARROW) are presented. In the case of TIR waveguides, we demonstratethat the system can be designed to be used as a spectral lter and as a refractometer.The possibility to use the system as a delay line by chaining a sequence of two STIRAPprocesses has been explored.Keywords: Total internal reection waveguides (TIR), anti-resonant reecting opticalwaveguides (ARROW), Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP).

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Transfer of light waves in optical waveguides via a continuum

Stefano Longhi

Classical wave optical analogs of coherent population transfer via a continuum, recently demonstrated for laser-driven atoms and molecules in the atomic physics context, are theoretically proposed for light waves propagating in waveguide-based photonic structures. In particular, it is shown that exploitation of the optical analogs of two-photon Rabi oscillations and stimulated Raman adiabatic passage via continuous states enables efficient transfer of light waves between two channel optical waveguides side coupled to a slab waveguide.

Physical Review A•Jul 10, 2008•42 citations

Control of Photonic Tunneling in Coupled Optical Waveguides

Stefano Longhi

Waveguides: Basic Equations...............................................................................................312 13.3 Coherent Destruction of Optical Tunneling ..........................................................................314 13.4 Optical Analog of Field-Induced Barrier Transparency........................................................316 13.5 Coherent Photonic Tunneling by Adiabatic Passage.............................................................319 13.6 Photonic Tunneling in Optical Lattices: Optical Analog of the Quantum Zeno Effect ....................................................................................325 13.7 Photonic Landau-Zener Tunneling .......................................................................................331 13.8 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................333 References......................................................................................................................................334 Tunneling is a universal phenomenon to wave physics which arises when an evanescent field transfers energy through a barrier to a region where a propagating wave is allowed. Tunneling phenomena have been predicted and observed in countless quantum and classical physical systems. In particular, optical (or photonic) tunneling usually refers to light propagation across forbidden photonic barriers, such as in photonic band gap structures or undersized waveguides, as well as to evanescent field coupling among waveguides or resonators or to light passage via evanescent coupling in frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR). The first observation of FTIR and of photonic tunneling date back to three centuries ago, when Newton reported on light transmission through a gap between prisms. Nowadays, FTIR at plane interfaces is generally viewed as an optical analog of quantum mechanical tunneling across a one-dimensional potential barrier [1]. Optical tunneling across photonic barriers, realized by for example, FTIR or photonic band gaps, has attracted a great deal of attention in the past two decades as an experimentally accessible system with which to measure tunneling times [2-7]. FTIR has been also exploited to study wave packet reshaping [8] and to provide an optical realization of curious quantum-mechanical effects such as quantum evaporation [9]. Similarly, photonic tunneling in spherical dielectric media has been proposed as an optical analog of nuclear decay arising form particle escape from a three-dimensional potential well [10]. In deformed dielectric microcavities, chaos-assisted tunneling phenomena have been investigated as well [11-14]. A different optical system that provides an experimentally accessible laboratory tool to visualize and control photonic tunneling, which is at the focus of this chapter, is represented

CRC Press eBooks•Mar 9, 2011•1 citation

Light spectral filter based on Spatial Adiabatic Passage

Ricard Menchon-Enrich, Andreu Llobera, Jordi Vila‐Planas +3 more

We report the first experimental realization of an analogous of the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) technique [1] working as a light spectral filter [2,3]. The system consists of three identical coupled total internal reflection silicon oxide waveguides designed such that there is a counterintuitive variation of the evanescent couplings between the waveguides along the propagation direction (see Fig.1(a)). If couplings are strong and wide enough along the propagation direction, which only occurs for long enough wavelengths, this geometry allows for an adiabatic following of a supermode that implies only the outermost waveguides. Thus, if light is injected into the right waveguide of our device, after propagating along the system, long wavelengths are transferred into the left output whereas short wavelengths end up into the central and right outputs. In this way, the system operates as a simultaneous high and low-pass spectral filter in the visible range. We refer to this device as Spatial Adiabatic Passage (SAP) filter. Regarding the filtering efficiency, the measured stopband reaches values up to -11dB for the left output, and around -20dB for the right plus central outputs. The passband values are close to 0dB for both cases. Fig. 1(b) shows the experimentally measured intensities at the output of the left waveguide and the sum of the outputs of the right and central waveguides as the transmittance relative to the total output intensity for one of the fabricated devices.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•May 1, 2013•0 citations

Gradually detuned coupled waveguides for quantum-like robust light transfer and splitting

Hassan Oukraou

Guides d’onde couplés graduellement désaccordés effectuant un transfert robuste de lumière similaire au transfert entre états quantique La propagation d'ondes dans des guides d'ondes couplés peut être décrite par la théorie des modes couplés. Ce formalisme est mathématiquement analogue à l'équation de Schrödinger dans l'approximation des ondes tournantes (RWA) qui décrit la dynamique quantique du transfert de population entre des états atomiques couplés. Ces analogies ont été précédemment étudiées dans des systèmes de guides couplés possédant un indice effectif constant. Ces systèmes sont parfaitement analogues aux systèmes quantiques couplés en résonance. Nous étendons ce type d'études à des systèmes optiques possédant un paramètre de contrôle supplémentaire via la modulation longitudinale des constantes de propagation. Ces configurations sont analogues aux systèmes quantiques couplés avec une excitation variable et non résonnante. Le transfert de population entre les états atomiques est contrôlé par les fréquences de Rabi et le désaccord de fréquence entre le laser couplant les niveaux et la fréquence de transition. Et en optique, le transfert de lumière entre les guides est ajusté et contrôlé grâce aux constantes de couplage et de propagation des modes.Dans cette thèse, nous exploitons ces analogies pour réaliser des transferts robustes et adiabatiques de la lumière entre différents guides. Le premier système étudié est basé sur le processus, récemment développé en physique quantique, de STIRAP à deux états (two-state STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage). Cette analogie est mise en œuvre pour la première fois en optique grâce à une structure composée de deux guides, pour lesquels les constantes de couplage et de propagation sont modulées longitudinalement pour réaliser un diviseur de faisceau 50:50 large bande. Ce composant est d’abord étudié théoriquement puis démontré expérimentalement. Les expériences sont réalisées avec des structures de guide d'ondes reconfigurables et accordables, générés par la technique d'illumination latérale d'un cristal photo réfractif. Cette plateforme expérimentale innovante permet de générer des structures de guides qui peuvent être facilement effacés et reconfigurés pour tester différents systèmes.Une seconde analogie, inspirée du processus de Passage Adiabatique Rapide (RAP), est ensuite théoriquement étudiée et expérimentalement réalisée. Nous exploitons un système à deux guides couplés, où le désaccord entre les constantes de propagation s’annule au centre de la propagation. Une telle modulation du désaccord entre les constantes de propagation et de la constante de couplage permet d’effectuer un transfert total de la lumière entre les guides (réalisation d’un coupleur directionnel large bande et robuste).Le processus de RAP décrit précédemment s'applique à des systèmes à deux états. Nous démontrons théoriquement et numériquement que les analogies optiques du RAP peuvent être étendues à des systèmes contenant N guides (N>2) grâce à une technique quantique appelée élimination adiabatique. Elle consiste en l'élimination formelle du (des) guide(s) d'ondes intermédiaire(s). Cela réduit le système à un formalisme mathématique où seuls les deux guides externes restent, et où, par conséquent, le RAP peut être appliqué. Cette technique permet un transfert de lumière entre les guides externes sans excitation du (des) guide(s) intermédiaires. Contrairement à la technique du STIRAP conventionnel, l’élimination adiabatique fonctionne de manière symétrique, et pour un nombre de guides N pair ou impair. L’élimination adiabatique requiert un désaccord important des constantes de propagation.Ce travail contribue ainsi à démontrer que les analogies entre la mécanique quantique et l’optique guidée sont des outils puissants pour concevoir de nouvelles structures photoniques large bande et robustes. Elles peuvent être étendues à la réalisation future de nouvelles fonctions utilisant des guides en régime non linéaire, la propagation non linéaire induisant la variation spatiale (dépendante de l'intensité de la lumière).

•May 9, 2018•0 citations

Gradually detuned coupled waveguides for quantum-like robust light transfer and splitting

Hassan Oukraou

The propagation of optical waves in coupled waveguides can be described by the coupled-mode theory. This formalism is mathematically analogous to the one for the quantum dynamics of the population of coupled atomic states, which is described by the Schrödinger equation within the so called Rotating Wave Approximation (RWA). This analogy has been pointed out in recent years. It was applied to coupled waveguide systems with constant effective refractive indices, which are fully analogous to resonant coupled quantum systems. This work extends this kind of studies to optical systems possessing an additional control parameter: the longitudinal modulation of the waveguide propagation constants. This approach is analogous to quantum systems with time dependent non-resonant excitation. As the population transfer between atomic states can be controlled by means of the Rabi frequencies and the laser frequency detunings, the light transfer between coupled waveguides can be controlled by means of the coupling constants and the propagation constants.Several such analogies are studied and exploited in this thesis for the demonstration of robust (broadband) adiabatic light transfer and splitting. The first system is based on the recently introduced quantum process known as two-state STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (two-state STIRAP). This is implemented for the first time in classical optics with a set of two evanescently coupled waveguides with proper longitudinal modulation of the mode propagation constants and of the coupling coefficient between them. A broadband 50:50 beam splitter based on two-state STIRAP is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The experiments are performed using reconfigurable and tuneable waveguide structures that are optically induced by a lateral illumination technique of a nonlinear photorefractive crystal. This experimental platform provides versatile guiding structures that can be erased and reconfigured to test various systems depending on the considered analogy.A second quantum analogy based on the process of Rapid Adiabatic Passage (RAP) is theoretically studied and experimentally implemented for a set of two waveguides for which the longitudinally varying detuning crosses zero at half propagation distance. The modulation of the detuning and of the coupling constant provide a very robust and highly achromatic mechanism for full light transfer between the waveguides (broadband directional coupler). This is analogous to the RAP-based robust inversion of two-level quantum systems.The above RAP-like transfer applies to systems containing only two waveguides. It is also shown theoretically and numerically that the same functionality can be obtained in systems containing N waveguides with N>2. This relies on a technique called adiabatic elimination. It consists in the formal elimination of the N-2 internal waveguide(s) who reduces the system to an effective two-waveguide system where RAP can be applied. This is relevant because it permits a light transfer between the outer waveguides without excitation of the middle one(s). In contrast to the already known technique based on the conventional STIRAP process, the technique studied here works in a symmetric way and for an odd and even total number of guides N. Adiabatic elimination is achieved by a strong detuning between the two outer waveguides and the remaining one(s). It can be concluded that the analogies of all the classical optical systems studied in this work with corresponding non-resonant quantum systems and processes give powerful tools to design new broadband photonic structures. Moreover, the present studies can pave the way for dealing with future novel functionalities in nonlinear optical waveguide systems, which involve in a natural way a spatial light-intensity-dependent variation of the waveguide propagation constants and detuning.

•May 9, 2018•0 citations

Control of adiabatic light transfer in coupled waveguides with longitudinally varying detuning

Hassan Oukraou, Laura Vittadello, Virginie Coda +5 more

We study adiabatic light transfer in systems of two coupled waveguides with spatially varying detuning of the propagation constants, providing an analogy to the quantum phenomena of rapid adiabatic passage (RAP) and two-state stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (two-state STIRAP). Experimental demonstration using a photoinduction technique confirms the robust and broadband character of the structures that act as broadband directional couplers and broadband beam splitters, respectively.

Physical Review A•Feb 6, 2017•29 citations
Grup d’Optica, Dept. de Fsica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193Bellaterra, SpainDepartament de Micro i Nanosistemes, Institut de Microelectronica de Barcelona -Centre Nacional de Microelectronica, E-08193 Bellaterra, SpainE-mail: ricard.menchon@uab.catAbstract. Coherent control and manipulation of light propagation in systems ofthree coupled rib optical waveguides is addressed. We show that by an appropriatevariation of the distance among waveguides, it is possible to transfer a beam oflight between the outermost waveguides with very low excitement of the central one,resembling the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) technique. Resultsfor total internal reection (TIR) waveguides and for anti-resonant reecting opticalwaveguides (ARROW) are presented. In the case of TIR waveguides, we demonstratethat the system can be designed to be used as a spectral lter and as a refractometer.The possibility to use the system as a delay line by chaining a sequence of two STIRAPprocesses has been explored.Keywords: Total internal reection waveguides (TIR), anti-resonant reecting opticalwaveguides (ARROW), Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP).
Classical wave optical analogs of coherent population transfer via a continuum, recently demonstrated for laser-driven atoms and molecules in the atomic physics context, are theoretically proposed for light waves propagating in waveguide-based photonic structures. In particular, it is shown that exploitation of the optical analogs of two-photon Rabi oscillations and stimulated Raman adiabatic passage via continuous states enables efficient transfer of light waves between two channel optical waveguides side coupled to a slab waveguide.
Waveguides: Basic Equations...............................................................................................312 13.3 Coherent Destruction of Optical Tunneling ..........................................................................314 13.4 Optical Analog of Field-Induced Barrier Transparency........................................................316 13.5 Coherent Photonic Tunneling by Adiabatic Passage.............................................................319 13.6 Photonic Tunneling in Optical Lattices: Optical Analog of the Quantum Zeno Effect ....................................................................................325 13.7 Photonic Landau-Zener Tunneling .......................................................................................331 13.8 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................333 References......................................................................................................................................334 Tunneling is a universal phenomenon to wave physics which arises when an evanescent field transfers energy through a barrier to a region where a propagating wave is allowed. Tunneling phenomena have been predicted and observed in countless quantum and classical physical systems. In particular, optical (or photonic) tunneling usually refers to light propagation across forbidden photonic barriers, such as in photonic band gap structures or undersized waveguides, as well as to evanescent field coupling among waveguides or resonators or to light passage via evanescent coupling in frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR). The first observation of FTIR and of photonic tunneling date back to three centuries ago, when Newton reported on light transmission through a gap between prisms. Nowadays, FTIR at plane interfaces is generally viewed as an optical analog of quantum mechanical tunneling across a one-dimensional potential barrier [1]. Optical tunneling across photonic barriers, realized by for example, FTIR or photonic band gaps, has attracted a great deal of attention in the past two decades as an experimentally accessible system with which to measure tunneling times [2-7]. FTIR has been also exploited to study wave packet reshaping [8] and to provide an optical realization of curious quantum-mechanical effects such as quantum evaporation [9]. Similarly, photonic tunneling in spherical dielectric media has been proposed as an optical analog of nuclear decay arising form particle escape from a three-dimensional potential well [10]. In deformed dielectric microcavities, chaos-assisted tunneling phenomena have been investigated as well [11-14]. A different optical system that provides an experimentally accessible laboratory tool to visualize and control photonic tunneling, which is at the focus of this chapter, is represented
We report the first experimental realization of an analogous of the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) technique [1] working as a light spectral filter [2,3]. The system consists of three identical coupled total internal reflection silicon oxide waveguides designed such that there is a counterintuitive variation of the evanescent couplings between the waveguides along the propagation direction (see Fig.1(a)). If couplings are strong and wide enough along the propagation direction, which only occurs for long enough wavelengths, this geometry allows for an adiabatic following of a supermode that implies only the outermost waveguides. Thus, if light is injected into the right waveguide of our device, after propagating along the system, long wavelengths are transferred into the left output whereas short wavelengths end up into the central and right outputs. In this way, the system operates as a simultaneous high and low-pass spectral filter in the visible range. We refer to this device as Spatial Adiabatic Passage (SAP) filter. Regarding the filtering efficiency, the measured stopband reaches values up to -11dB for the left output, and around -20dB for the right plus central outputs. The passband values are close to 0dB for both cases. Fig. 1(b) shows the experimentally measured intensities at the output of the left waveguide and the sum of the outputs of the right and central waveguides as the transmittance relative to the total output intensity for one of the fabricated devices.
Guides d’onde couplés graduellement désaccordés effectuant un transfert robuste de lumière similaire au transfert entre états quantique La propagation d'ondes dans des guides d'ondes couplés peut être décrite par la théorie des modes couplés. Ce formalisme est mathématiquement analogue à l'équation de Schrödinger dans l'approximation des ondes tournantes (RWA) qui décrit la dynamique quantique du transfert de population entre des états atomiques couplés. Ces analogies ont été précédemment étudiées dans des systèmes de guides couplés possédant un indice effectif constant. Ces systèmes sont parfaitement analogues aux systèmes quantiques couplés en résonance. Nous étendons ce type d'études à des systèmes optiques possédant un paramètre de contrôle supplémentaire via la modulation longitudinale des constantes de propagation. Ces configurations sont analogues aux systèmes quantiques couplés avec une excitation variable et non résonnante. Le transfert de population entre les états atomiques est contrôlé par les fréquences de Rabi et le désaccord de fréquence entre le laser couplant les niveaux et la fréquence de transition. Et en optique, le transfert de lumière entre les guides est ajusté et contrôlé grâce aux constantes de couplage et de propagation des modes.Dans cette thèse, nous exploitons ces analogies pour réaliser des transferts robustes et adiabatiques de la lumière entre différents guides. Le premier système étudié est basé sur le processus, récemment développé en physique quantique, de STIRAP à deux états (two-state STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage). Cette analogie est mise en œuvre pour la première fois en optique grâce à une structure composée de deux guides, pour lesquels les constantes de couplage et de propagation sont modulées longitudinalement pour réaliser un diviseur de faisceau 50:50 large bande. Ce composant est d’abord étudié théoriquement puis démontré expérimentalement. Les expériences sont réalisées avec des structures de guide d'ondes reconfigurables et accordables, générés par la technique d'illumination latérale d'un cristal photo réfractif. Cette plateforme expérimentale innovante permet de générer des structures de guides qui peuvent être facilement effacés et reconfigurés pour tester différents systèmes.Une seconde analogie, inspirée du processus de Passage Adiabatique Rapide (RAP), est ensuite théoriquement étudiée et expérimentalement réalisée. Nous exploitons un système à deux guides couplés, où le désaccord entre les constantes de propagation s’annule au centre de la propagation. Une telle modulation du désaccord entre les constantes de propagation et de la constante de couplage permet d’effectuer un transfert total de la lumière entre les guides (réalisation d’un coupleur directionnel large bande et robuste).Le processus de RAP décrit précédemment s'applique à des systèmes à deux états. Nous démontrons théoriquement et numériquement que les analogies optiques du RAP peuvent être étendues à des systèmes contenant N guides (N>2) grâce à une technique quantique appelée élimination adiabatique. Elle consiste en l'élimination formelle du (des) guide(s) d'ondes intermédiaire(s). Cela réduit le système à un formalisme mathématique où seuls les deux guides externes restent, et où, par conséquent, le RAP peut être appliqué. Cette technique permet un transfert de lumière entre les guides externes sans excitation du (des) guide(s) intermédiaires. Contrairement à la technique du STIRAP conventionnel, l’élimination adiabatique fonctionne de manière symétrique, et pour un nombre de guides N pair ou impair. L’élimination adiabatique requiert un désaccord important des constantes de propagation.Ce travail contribue ainsi à démontrer que les analogies entre la mécanique quantique et l’optique guidée sont des outils puissants pour concevoir de nouvelles structures photoniques large bande et robustes. Elles peuvent être étendues à la réalisation future de nouvelles fonctions utilisant des guides en régime non linéaire, la propagation non linéaire induisant la variation spatiale (dépendante de l'intensité de la lumière).
The propagation of optical waves in coupled waveguides can be described by the coupled-mode theory. This formalism is mathematically analogous to the one for the quantum dynamics of the population of coupled atomic states, which is described by the Schrödinger equation within the so called Rotating Wave Approximation (RWA). This analogy has been pointed out in recent years. It was applied to coupled waveguide systems with constant effective refractive indices, which are fully analogous to resonant coupled quantum systems. This work extends this kind of studies to optical systems possessing an additional control parameter: the longitudinal modulation of the waveguide propagation constants. This approach is analogous to quantum systems with time dependent non-resonant excitation. As the population transfer between atomic states can be controlled by means of the Rabi frequencies and the laser frequency detunings, the light transfer between coupled waveguides can be controlled by means of the coupling constants and the propagation constants.Several such analogies are studied and exploited in this thesis for the demonstration of robust (broadband) adiabatic light transfer and splitting. The first system is based on the recently introduced quantum process known as two-state STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (two-state STIRAP). This is implemented for the first time in classical optics with a set of two evanescently coupled waveguides with proper longitudinal modulation of the mode propagation constants and of the coupling coefficient between them. A broadband 50:50 beam splitter based on two-state STIRAP is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The experiments are performed using reconfigurable and tuneable waveguide structures that are optically induced by a lateral illumination technique of a nonlinear photorefractive crystal. This experimental platform provides versatile guiding structures that can be erased and reconfigured to test various systems depending on the considered analogy.A second quantum analogy based on the process of Rapid Adiabatic Passage (RAP) is theoretically studied and experimentally implemented for a set of two waveguides for which the longitudinally varying detuning crosses zero at half propagation distance. The modulation of the detuning and of the coupling constant provide a very robust and highly achromatic mechanism for full light transfer between the waveguides (broadband directional coupler). This is analogous to the RAP-based robust inversion of two-level quantum systems.The above RAP-like transfer applies to systems containing only two waveguides. It is also shown theoretically and numerically that the same functionality can be obtained in systems containing N waveguides with N>2. This relies on a technique called adiabatic elimination. It consists in the formal elimination of the N-2 internal waveguide(s) who reduces the system to an effective two-waveguide system where RAP can be applied. This is relevant because it permits a light transfer between the outer waveguides without excitation of the middle one(s). In contrast to the already known technique based on the conventional STIRAP process, the technique studied here works in a symmetric way and for an odd and even total number of guides N. Adiabatic elimination is achieved by a strong detuning between the two outer waveguides and the remaining one(s). It can be concluded that the analogies of all the classical optical systems studied in this work with corresponding non-resonant quantum systems and processes give powerful tools to design new broadband photonic structures. Moreover, the present studies can pave the way for dealing with future novel functionalities in nonlinear optical waveguide systems, which involve in a natural way a spatial light-intensity-dependent variation of the waveguide propagation constants and detuning.