The exact LCU sampling overhead of collective diagonal unitaries: resonances and a continued-fraction dichotomy

Abstract

The minimal sampling overhead of the quadratic collective phase $e^{-iγK^2}$ over one layer of single-qubit rotations is decided by the continued fraction of $γ/π$. Here $K$ is a collective observable with spectrum $\{0,\dots,n\}$, such as the permutation-symmetric Hamming weight. This gate is the cardinality-penalty layer of constrained optimization, the one-axis-twisting gate of spin squeezing and the Kerr phase of a bosonic mode. Instead of compiling it to two-qubit gates, we sample it as an LCU over such layers at overhead $Γ$. Our results give an optimality theory for this overhead. Ancilla-free sampling reproduces the target's outcome probabilities up to the minimal $Γ$, and no smaller factor works for every input; for permutation-symmetric $K$, independent per-qubit angles or one layer of arbitrary single-qubit gates give no further reduction. Rational angles $πp/q$ in lowest terms cost exactly $q$ once $n\ge2q-2$, attained uniquely by a uniform $q$-point sampler; the cost is $Θ(n)$ if and only if $γ/π$ is badly approximable, and bounded in $n$ if and only if it is rational. A second result shows what the symmetry buys: without it, the squaring phase of Fourier arithmetic on $m$ qubits costs at least $2^{0.557m-O(1)}$ over single-qubit gates, beyond the $2^{m/2}$ of every cut bound, by a new certificate-lifting argument. For constructions known only through upper bounds, it gives the optimum: the Fourier-based LCU of Carrera Vazquez, Egger and Woerner is, at fixed $n$, optimal up to a constant at typical angles and beaten by $(n+1)/q$ at rational ones with an $n$-independent sampler; the Kerr decomposition of Upreti, Quesada and Chabaud is the unique optimum over phase shifters at rational parameters without photon-number cutoff; and it identifies the rational couplings where one-axis twisting admits optimal cat decompositions.