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arXiv:2610.02473

Single-photon addition to multimode quantum fields at telecom wavelengths using lithium niobate and its doped variants

Naveen V, Nicolas Treps, Raghavan G, Valentina Parigi, Srinivasan K

quant-phSubmitted Oct 1, 2026• Announced Oct 5, 2026• 0 citations
v1 · Oct 1, 2026v2 · Oct 8, 2026
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Abstract

Multimode spectro-temporal non-Gaussian quantum states of light play a crucial role in continuous-variable quantum information processing. In particular, the non-Gaussian quantum states generated through a single-photon addition (SPA) to multimode quantum fields at telecommunication wavelengths constitute a useful resource for quantum technologies. We present a detailed theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of single-photon addition (SPA) and mode-selective single-photon addition (MSSPA) to a multimode quantum field at telecommunication wavelengths. The analysis is performed for congruently grown lithium niobate (LN), $5\%$ MgO-doped lithium niobate (MgO:LN) and various concentrations of ZnO-doped lithium niobate (ZnO:LN) bulk crystals. We investigate MSSPA using type-II parametric down-conversion (PDC) and SPA using the type-I PDC processes. We further present spectro-temporal mode-selective SPA at the telecom wavelength using $5\%$ MgO:LN for temperatures ranging from $0^\circ C$ to $15^\circ C$. In addition, we perform simulations to investigate SPA based on the noncollinear type-I PDC configuration. These theoretical results identify optimal experimental conditions and phase-matching parameters to achieve SPA and mode-selective SPA for LN-based crystals, providing a potential platform for non-Gaussian quantum state engineering at telecommunication wavelengths, mainly at $1550$ nm.

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13 Pages, 22 Figures

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Multimode spectro-temporal non-Gaussian quantum states of light play a crucial role in continuous-variable quantum information processing. In particular, the non-Gaussian quantum states generated through a single-photon addition (SPA) to multimode quantum fields at telecommunication wavelengths constitute a useful resource for quantum technologies. We present a detailed theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of single-photon addition (SPA) and mode-selective single-photon addition (MSSPA) to a multimode quantum field at telecommunication wavelengths. The analysis is performed for congruently grown lithium niobate (LN), 5%5\%5% MgO-doped lithium niobate (MgO:LN) and various concentrations of ZnO-doped lithium niobate (ZnO:LN) bulk crystals. We investigate MSSPA using type-II parametric down-conversion (PDC) and SPA using the type-I PDC processes. We further present spectro-temporal mode-selective SPA at the telecom wavelength using 5%5\%5% MgO:LN for temperatures ranging from 0∘C0^\circ C0∘C to 15∘C15^\circ C15∘C. In addition, we perform simulations to investigate SPA based on the noncollinear type-I PDC configuration. These theoretical results identify optimal experimental conditions and phase-matching parameters to achieve SPA and mode-selective SPA for LN-based crystals, providing a potential platform for non-Gaussian quantum state engineering at telecommunication wavelengths, mainly at 155015501550 nm.
Abstract Spectro-temporal modes of light can be exploited for the generation of high-dimensional Gaussian quantum states. Such states are at the basis of continuous variable quantum information protocols where they have to support mode-selective non-Gaussian operations. We develop a general framework for single-photon addition on multimode states of light via parametric down conversion (PDC) processes. We identify the analytical conditions for single-mode and mode-selective photon addition. We show that spectral mode selectivity can be achieved in the type-II collinear down conversion, while single-mode condition are retrieved for noncollinear type-I and type-II processes. Numerical results are shown for photon addition in PDC process at near-infrared and telecommunications wavelengths.
Advancements in photonic platforms have enabled the precise control of light’s spectral and temporal degrees of freedom, a capability crucial for the development of scalable quantum information systems. In this work, we address the challenge of implementing spectro-temporal mode-selective non-Gaussian quantum operations, specifically single-photon subtraction (SPS) and addition (SPA), in the telecom wavelength regime. Building on prior experimental demonstrations of mode-selective near-infrared SPS, we present the first design framework for achieving mode-selective SPA and SPS using thin-film lithium niobate nonlinear waveguide platforms. We introduce an inverse-design optimization scheme by modeling the quantum-optical response via the joint spectral amplitude (JSA) and transfer function (TF), in order to identify optimal waveguide and pump parameters that maximize mode selectivity and state purity. This approach is first tested on a metallic waveguide design. We then exploit the dispersion engineering capabilities of thin-film waveguides, which offer enhanced nonlinear interactions through tighter light confinement. Our findings demonstrate that tailored nonlinear processes, particularly parametric down-conversion and frequency up-conversion, can support high-fidelity non-Gaussian operations essential for next-generation quantum photonic networks.
The current challenge of quantum photonic is to realize integrated circuits that monolithically combines light sources, optical modulators, storage units, and light detectors. Lithium niobate (LN) waveguides has emerged as one of the key platforms of photonics quantum technologies [1]. Due to mature technology of waveguide fabrication, efficient properties for light control and compatibility with the existing telecommunication infrastructure, LN is at the heart of many quantum components (light sources, modulators, coherent wavelength converters and quantum memories). Superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) is relatively simple architecture for the realisation in a waveguide configuration and has been demonstrated on several technological platforms [2]. It is based on the principle of photoninduced hot-spot formation in ultranarrow superconducting NbN wires and can provide high sensitivity at telecommunication wavelengths near 1550 nm, high counting rates, broad spectral response, and high temporal resolution due to low jitter values. The LN SSPD has been also considered [3], however only theoretical estimations have been made for waveguide configuration.
Abstract We study modal characteristics of a customized ridge waveguide in lithium niobate designed to generate twin photons at telecom wavelength. A quantum analysis of SPDC predicts the possible down conversion processes and optimizes the input beam parameters for fundamental mode emission. Further, a joint spectral amplitude analysis ensures that the parameters are ambient for generating frequency-correlated photons throughout the phase-matching spectrum. Moreover, negatively correlated degenerate signal/idler photon pairs in the fundamental mode emission occurs at 1550 nm. A key result of our paper is an explicit expression and plot for comparing the generated signal power in case of waveguides as compared to bulk crystals. Our calculations clearly show a dependence of ℒ 3/2 for a waveguide of length ℒ , compared to a linear dependence in case of a bulk crystal.
Nanophotonic quantum memory is a vital component for scalable quantum information processing for quantum computing, networking, and sensing applications. We store single-photon-level telecom-band optical pulses for more than a microsecond using an atomic frequency comb in erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate, well beyond what is practically feasible via propagation in even the best nanophotonic devices due to propagation losses. We verify the quantum nature of this storage by demonstrating the phase coherence and sub-single-photon noise upon retrieval. We also show the flexibility of our platform by storing up to 20 temporal modes and demonstrating an acceptance bandwidth up to 2.2 GHz. These results establish erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate as a practical platform for on-chip quantum memory at telecom wavelengths, a key missing element for photonic quantum computing and quantum networking.
We study modal characteristics of a customized ridge waveguide in Lithium Niobate designed to generate twin photons at telecom wavelength. A quantum analysis of SPDC predicts the possible down conversion processes and optimizes the input beam parameters for fundamental mode emission. Further, a Joint Spectral Amplitude (JSA) analysis ensures the generation of signal/idler at 1550 nm in the customized LN waveguide. A calculation of the parametric down conversion (PDC) signal power shows a dependence of L^(3/2) for a waveguide compared to a linear dependence in case of bulk crystal.