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arXiv:2610.01923

Loss-tolerant distributed lattice surgery using fusion networks

Felix Burt, Richard Meister, Sheng-Ku Lin, Kuan-Cheng Chen, Michael Hanks, Roberto Bondesan, M. S. Kim, Kin K. Leung

quant-phSubmitted Oct 1, 2026• Announced Oct 2, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Networking matter-based quantum processing units (QPUs) offers a promising route to scaling fault-tolerant quantum computers. This requires distributed logical operations to be performed across photonic links, where noise is characteristically different from and stronger than in local QPUs owing to photon loss and probabilistic linear-optical operations. Measurement- and fusion-based quantum computing are designed to be robust against loss and probabilistic photonic operations, suggesting they could complement circuit-based error correction at the interface between networked QPUs. We use ZX calculus transformations to construct hybrid syndrome extraction protocols and apply them to distributed rotated surface code lattice surgery, demonstrating that several protocols attain a $50\%$ interface-erasure threshold when local noise is absent, including circuit-based lattice surgery using fused Bell pairs and hybrid protocols using linear cluster states. Relative to a straight Bell-pair interface geometry, the hybrid protocols increase the merge-observable interface distance from $d+1$ to $2d+1$ and restore the perpendicular-observable interface distance from $\lfloor(d+1)/2\rfloor$ to $d$. We calculate how the threshold decreases when using truncated resource states and map correctable regions under resource-state errors, local circuit noise, and fusion erasure. We then convert these erasure thresholds into photon-loss thresholds and probe subthreshold performance using fusion boosting. At circuit and resource-state error rates of $10^{-3}$, local errors largely mask the interface-distance advantage. As local noise is reduced to $10^{-4}$ and below, the linear-chain protocols improve more rapidly with decreasing erasure, suggesting that interface distance enhancements are effective in low local noise regimes.

Comments
31 pages, 20 figures

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Distributed quantum computing can potentially address the scalability challenge by networking processors through photon-mediated remote entanglement. Prior approaches assumed that remote Bell pairs require distillation before use, incurring substantial overhead, to achieve sufficiently high fidelity. However, recent results show that lattice-surgery operations at logical qubit boundaries tolerate significantly higher error rates than previously assumed. We quantify the resource trade-offs between distillation overhead and surface-code distance requirements under realistic constraints including probabilistic entanglement generation and memory decoherence. We identify the fidelity crossover point separating the two regimes. Below this threshold, the distillation strategy dominates, reducing resource overhead by up to two orders of magnitude. Above it, no-distillation becomes the more efficient choice, reducing resource overhead by more than half. We briefly describe the application of these methods to ion-trap and neutral-atom platforms. These results provide joint design guidelines for optimizing photonic interconnects and fault-tolerant architectures in distributed quantum computing.