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arXiv:2610.00857

Study of quantum turbulence by vortex-antivortex dynamics in dipolar BECs

Subramaniyan Sabari, Lauro Tomio

Published Oct 1, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

We investigate vortex nucleation and dynamics in a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate stirred by a rotating Gaussian obstacle. Two stirring protocols are compared: continuous stirring with constant amplitude (Case 1), and obstacle removal at $t = 15$ ms with linear amplitude ramp-down (Case 2). In both cases, a smooth angular velocity ramp ($t_{\text{acc}} = 3$ ms) suppresses spurious phonon excitations. The first vortex pairs exit the obstacle at $t \sim 3$ ms, and by $t \sim 8$ - $10$ ms the individual vortices and antivortices are fully resolved in the phase maps. Case 1 yields a vortex population that grows up to $t \sim 40$ ms and then roughly saturates, while Case 2 yields a population that peaks around $t \sim 15$ - $25$ ms and then decreases. Remarkably, both protocols lead to local triangular-like ordering in selected regions of the condensate by $t \sim 50$ ms, exhibiting clear dipolar signatures: elliptical distortion and elongated vortex cores along the polarization axis. The mixed vortex-antivortex population remains stable up to $100$ ms with no observable annihilation, indicating that dipolar interactions strongly suppress vortex decay. Kinetic energy decomposition confirms that incompressible (vortex) energy dominates at late times. These results establish a controlled platform for vortex studies in dipolar superfluids and provide benchmarks for future experiments on quantum turbulence with long-range anisotropic interactions.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2610.00857

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We investigate vortex nucleation and dynamics in a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate stirred by a rotating Gaussian obstacle. Two stirring protocols are compared: continuous stirring with constant amplitude (Case 1), and obstacle removal at t=15t = 15t=15 ms with linear amplitude ramp-down (Case 2). In both cases, a smooth angular velocity ramp (tacc=3t_{\text{acc}} = 3tacc​=3 ms) suppresses spurious phonon excitations. The first vortex pairs exit the obstacle at t∼3t \sim 3t∼3 ms, and by t∼8t \sim 8t∼8 - 101010 ms the individual vortices and antivortices are fully resolved in the phase maps. Case 1 yields a vortex population that grows up to t∼40t \sim 40t∼40 ms and then roughly saturates, while Case 2 yields a population that peaks around t∼15t \sim 15t∼15 - 252525 ms and then decreases. Remarkably, both protocols lead to local triangular-like ordering in selected regions of the condensate by t∼50t \sim 50t∼50 ms, exhibiting clear dipolar signatures: elliptical distortion and elongated vortex cores along the polarization axis. The mixed vortex-antivortex population remains stable up to 100100100 ms with no observable annihilation, indicating that dipolar interactions strongly suppress vortex decay. Kinetic energy decomposition confirms that incompressible (vortex) energy dominates at late times. These results establish a controlled platform for vortex studies in dipolar superfluids and provide benchmarks for future experiments on quantum turbulence with long-range anisotropic interactions.
Quantum turbulence indicators in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensed fluids, following emissions of vortex-antivortex pairs generated by a circularly moving detuned laser, are being provided by numerical simulations of the corresponding quasi-two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii formalism with repulsive contact interactions combined with tunable dipole-dipole strength. The critical velocities of two variants of a circularly moving obstacle are determined and analyzed for vortex-antivortex nucleation in the form of regular and cluster emissions. The turbulent dynamical behavior is predicted to follow closely the initial emission of vortex-antivortex pairs, relying on the expected Kolmogorov classical scaling law, which is verified by the spectral analysis of the incompressible part of the kinetic energy. Within our aim to provide further support in the investigations to date of quantum turbulence, which have been focused on nondipolar Bose-Einstein condensates, we emphasize the role of dipole-dipole interactions in the fluid dynamics.
Abstract The dynamics of vortex-antivortex pair production with the associated critical velocities are investigated in perturbed dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), by using a quasi-two-dimensional mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) model. By exploring the range of dipolar interaction strengths, it is also verified the regime in which turbulent behaviors can be observed. In the present contribution, we consider the emission of vortex and antivortex pairs in dipolar BECs produced by circularly moving blue detuned laser, simulated by a two-dimensional Gaussian obstacle. The critical velocities of the moving obstacle for vortex-antivortex nucleation, which emerge as regular pairs or cluster, are determined by numerical simulations, considering a BEC of dysprosium atoms with repulsive contact and dipolar interactions.
We report experimental observations and numerical simulations of the formation, dynamics, and lifetimes of single and multiply charged quantized vortex dipoles in highly oblate dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). We nucleate pairs of vortices of opposite charge (vortex dipoles) by forcing superfluid flow around a repulsive Gaussian obstacle within the BEC. By controlling the flow velocity we determine the critical velocity for the nucleation of a single vortex dipole, with excellent agreement between experimental and numerical results. We present measurements of vortex dipole dynamics, finding that the vortex cores of opposite charge can exist for many seconds and that annihilation is inhibited in our trap geometry. For sufficiently rapid flow velocities, clusters of like-charge vortices aggregate into long-lived multiply charged dipolar flow structures.
The formation of quantized vortices above a certain critical trap rotation frequency serves as a hallmark signature of superfluidity. Based on the beyond mean-field framework, crucial for the formation of exotic supersolid and droplet states, we investigate dynamical protocols for vortex nucleation in the superfluid and supersolid states of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) at a trap rotation frequency lower than the conventional critical rotation frequency. We find that the critical rotation frequency depends not only on the dipole-dipole interaction strength, but also on the polarization direction of the external magnetic field. Interestingly, in the superfluid state, the critical rotation frequency increases with the tilt angle of the magnetic field, whereas in the supersolid state, increasing the tilt angle lowers the critical threshold. Leveraging these characteristics of dipolar BECs, along with the robustness of vortices with respect to changes in the polarization direction and sss-wave scattering length, we demonstrate three dynamical protocols for vortex nucleation, even when rotating below the critical rotation frequency, viz., (i) varying the sss-wave scattering length, (ii) changing the polarizing angle, and (iii) successive modulation of both the scattering length and polarizing angle. These dynamical vortex seeding protocols could serve as important benchmarks for future experimental studies.
We study two-dimensional quantum turbulence in miscible binary Bose-Einstein condensates in either a harmonic trap or a steep-wall trap through the numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equations. The turbulence is generated through a Gaussian stirring potential. When the condensates have unequal intracomponent coupling strengths or asymmetric trap frequencies, the turbulent condensates undergo a dramatic decay dynamics to an interlaced array of vortex-antidark structures, a quasiequilibrium state, of like-signed vortices with an extended size of the vortex core. The time of formation of this state is shortened when the parameter asymmetry of the intracomponent couplings or the trap frequencies is enhanced. The corresponding spectrum of the incompressible kinetic energy exhibits two noteworthy features: (i) a ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ power law around the range of the wave number determined by the spin healing length (the size of the extended vortex core) and (ii) a flat region around the range of the wave number determined by the density healing length. The latter is associated with the small scale phase fluctuation relegated outside the Thomas-Fermi radius and is more prominent as the strength of intercomponent interaction approaches the strength of intracomponent interaction. We also study the impact of the intercomponent interaction to the cluster formation of like-signed vortices in an elliptical steep-wall trap, finding that the intercomponent coupling gives rise to the decay of the clustered configuration.
The surface excitations, shape deformation, and the formation of persistent current for a Gaussian obstacle potential rotating in a highly oblate Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) are investigated. A vortex dipole can be produced and trapped in the center of the stirrer even for the slow motion of the stirring beam. When the angular velocity of the obstacle is above some critical value, the condensate shape can be deformed remarkably at the corresponding rotation frequency followed by surface wave excitations. After a long enough time, a small number of vortices are found to be either trapped in the condensate or pinned by the obstacle, and a vortex dipole or several vortices can be trapped at the beam center, which provides another way to manipulate the vortex.