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arXiv:2609.31462

Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill error-correction with decohered resources

Rajendra S. Bhati, T. Bazylewicz, Jarosław K. Korbicz

quant-phSubmitted Sep 25, 2026• Announced Sep 28, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Teleportation-based Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) error correction typically assumes a decoherence-free GKP ancilla Bell pair, an idealization that is difficult to reconcile with the ubiquitous environmental decoherence in bosonic systems. Here, we analyze the performance of the GKP protocol subject to pure-dephasing processes, ubiquitous in realistic situations. We show that, under this class of interactions, teleportation, instead of projecting the input onto the GKP subspace, transforms GKP error correction into a correlated Pauli-Gaussian noise process that can accumulate over successive correction rounds. Thus, unlike in previously studied noisy GKP scenarios, the code no longer self-corrects. Moreover, repeated noisy GKP teleportation drives the encoded modes out of the logical subspace, progressively degrading the encoded codewords. We show that the resulting leakage rapidly saturates with the number of correction rounds. Finally, we investigate the implications of our results for motional-oscillator-based GKP error-correction platforms.

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14 pages

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Teleportation-based Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) error correction typically assumes a decoherence-free GKP ancilla Bell pair, an idealization that is difficult to reconcile with the ubiquitous environmental decoherence in bosonic systems. Here, we analyze the performance of the GKP protocol subject to pure-dephasing processes, ubiquitous in realistic situations. We show that, under this class of interactions, teleportation, instead of projecting the input onto the GKP subspace, transforms GKP error correction into a correlated Pauli-Gaussian noise process that can accumulate over successive correction rounds. Thus, unlike in previously studied noisy GKP scenarios, the code no longer self-corrects. Moreover, repeated noisy GKP teleportation drives the encoded modes out of the logical subspace, progressively degrading the encoded codewords. We show that the resulting leakage rapidly saturates with the number of correction rounds. Finally, we investigate the implications of our results for motional-oscillator-based GKP error-correction platforms.
The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code is a promising bosonic quantum error-correcting code, encoding logical qubits into a bosonic mode in such a way that many physically relevant noise types can be corrected effectively. A particularly relevant noise channel is the pure loss channel, which the GKP code is known to protect against. In particular, it is commonly pointed out that losses can be corrected by the GKP code by transforming the losses into random Gaussian displacements through a quantum-limited amplification channel. However, implementing such amplification in practice is not ideal and could easily introduce an additional overhead of noise from associated experimental imperfections. Here, we analyze the performance of teleportation-based GKP error correction against loss in the absence of an amplification channel. We show that amplification is not required to perform GKP error correction and that performing amplification actually worsens the performance for practically relevant parameter regimes.
In order to solve practical problems on a quantum computer, it is necessary to use fault-tolerant quantum error correction schemes to overcome noise: the errors arising from imperfections in physical components. The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code aims at achieving this in a hardware efficient manner by encoding finite-dimensional logical subspaces in the Hilbert space of one or more continuous variable modes. In near term implementations, however, it is not feasible to eliminate errors entirely, so it is natural to also employ alternative error mitigation techniques together with error correction. In this work, we study a quantum error mitigation method known as probabilistic error cancellation in the context of the GKP code. We compare Steane-type and teleportation-based GKP error correction, and calculate the sampling overheads associated with the technique for square and hexagonal GKP codes. We employ the stabilizer subsystem decomposition for GKP codes to obtain an effective logical channel for noisy operations that is used to express the ideal one of a target logical unitary. We consider noise from finite squeezing on the data and the two ancilla modes, needed for error correction, and examine the relationship between the sampling overhead and the noise for different decoding methods. Our results are calculated for single- and two-qubit GKP Clifford gates and one round of error correction, and show the nontrivial combination of error correction and mitigation in continuous variable codes.
Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) Codes tend to address one of the most challenging tasks for Quantum Communication of correcting the erroneous quantum bits. This paper focuses on analyzing the performance of this code under thermal displacement noise. GKP-encoded quantum memory under repeated error-correction cycles was simulated using the Strawberry Fields Bosonic simulator via finite energy approximation of the GKP state. We evaluate the logical-state fidelity as a function of correction cycles and noise strength, and analyze the effectiveness of error correction. Our results illustrate the robustness limits of GKP-based memory under realistic noise and highlight the dependence of logical performance on displacement noise variance, providing insight into practical continuous-variable quantum error correction.
The performance of Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) codes, an approach to hardware-efficient quantum error correction, is limited by the finite squeezing capabilities of current experimental platforms. To circumvent this hardware demand, we introduce Energy-Scaled Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ES-ZNE), a quantum error mitigation protocol that uses the mean photon number of the GKP code as a tunable effective noise parameter. The protocol measures logical observables at a series of accessible finite energies and extrapolates the results to the ideal, infinite-energy limit using an ansatz based on the code's asymptotic error scaling. Through simulating a GKP qubit under a pure-loss channel, we demonstrate that ES-ZNE successfully mitigates finite-energy errors, recovering the ideal expectation values (within numerical uncertainty) in the shallow-noise regime. Furthermore, by computationally removing artifacts arising from the finite-energy encoding, our method characterizes the intrinsic performance of the ideal GKP code, revealing a sharp error threshold beyond which the code's corrective power diminishes. These results establish ES-ZNE as a practical, software-based strategy for enhancing the performance of near-term bosonic quantum processors, trading sampling overhead for demanding physical resources like high squeezing.
Bosonic quantum error-correcting codes offer a viable direction towards reducing the hardware overhead required for fault-tolerant quantum information processing.A broad class of bosonic codes, namely rotation-symmetric codes, can be characterized by their phase-space rotation symmetry.However, their performance has been examined to date only within an idealistic noise model.Here, we further analyze the error-correction capabilities of rotation-symmetric codes using a teleportation-based error-correction circuit.To this end, we numerically compute the average gate fidelity, including measurement errors into the noise model of the data qubit.Focusing on physical measurement models, we assess the performance of heterodyne and adaptive homodyne detection in comparison to the previously studied canonical phase measurement.This setting allows us to shed light on the role of different currently available measurement schemes when decoding the encoded information.We find that with the currently achievable measurement efficiencies in microwave optics, bosonic rotation codes undergo a substantial decrease in their break-even potential.In addition, we perform a detailed analysis of Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) codes using a similar error-correction circuit that allows us to analyze the effect of realistic measurement models on different codes.In comparison to RSB codes, we find for GKP codes an even greater reduction in performance together with a vulnerability to photon-number dephasing.Our results show that highly efficient measurement protocols constitute a crucial building block towards error-corrected quantum information processing with bosonic continuous-variable systems.
To be useful, quantum computers will be required to successfully correct errors occurring at the hardware level. Bosonic codes provide a hardware-efficient option for error correction, but fault-tolerance further requires that the available gate interactions be compatible with the code. A promising bosonic code is the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code, for which a linear beamsplitter-like coupling between two bosonic modes is fault-tolerant, making this a key primitive for building larger systems. Here, using two motional modes of a trapped ion, we demonstrate the generation of entangled states of GKP qubits by interfering two qunaught states, which have a grid structure but carry no logical information, on a beamsplitter. We generate all four Bell states with an average fidelity of 69%, and subsequently demonstrate an extension of the entangled state lifetime through the use of quantum error correction. These results complete the set of Gaussian operations required for quantum computing with GKP codes and enable explorations of multi-mode bosonic encodings as well as fundamental tests of information channels.