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arXiv:2609.25278

Weyl Chirality and Kitaev Topology through Bargmann Invariants

Swarup Sangiri, A. Taraphder

cond-mat.supr-concond-mat.otherquant-phSubmitted Sep 21, 2026• Announced Sep 23, 2026
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Abstract

We apply a finite-state geometric formulation based on Bargmann invariants to a two-band Weyl Hamiltonian and the one-dimensional Kitaev model of a p-wave superconductor. For the Weyl system, a symmetry-antisymmetrized third-order Bargmann combination selects the chirality-sensitive component of the local pseudospin geometry and extends to a two-band lattice Weyl model. For the Kitaev chain, a normalized ratio involving a third-order Bargmann invariant and a second-order overlap factor removes the dependence on an intermediate state and reproduces the $Z_2$ distinction between its two gapped phases. We further construct a fourth-order loop connecting localized Majorana edge-mode profiles with finite-energy BdG states and an alternating fourth-order loop involving opposite Weyl pseudospin sectors. These constructions illustrate how suitable Bargmann combinations can probe chirality-sensitive, topological, and higher-order geometric information directly through quantum-state overlaps, providing an alternative state-based route without requiring a continuous description of the underlying state-space geometry.

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We apply a finite-state geometric formulation based on Bargmann invariants to a two-band Weyl Hamiltonian and the one-dimensional Kitaev model of a p-wave superconductor. For the Weyl system, a symmetry-antisymmetrized third-order Bargmann combination selects the chirality-sensitive component of the local pseudospin geometry and extends to a two-band lattice Weyl model. For the Kitaev chain, a normalized ratio involving a third-order Bargmann invariant and a second-order overlap factor removes the dependence on an intermediate state and reproduces the Z2Z_2Z2​ distinction between its two gapped phases. We further construct a fourth-order loop connecting localized Majorana edge-mode profiles with finite-energy BdG states and an alternating fourth-order loop involving opposite Weyl pseudospin sectors. These constructions illustrate how suitable Bargmann combinations can probe chirality-sensitive, topological, and higher-order geometric information directly through quantum-state overlaps, providing an alternative state-based route without requiring a continuous description of the underlying state-space geometry.
We develop a finite-state geometric framework based on third-order Bargmann invariants for evaluating Chern numbers and characterizing local quantum-state geometry. Using gauge-invariant state overlaps, the framework evaluates the Chern number directly on discretized parameter spaces while retaining local geometric information through the phase-derived density and the complementary amplitude density, as well as signatures associated with changes in topological character. We apply the construction to the Qi--Wu--Zhang, 1/31/31/3- and 1/41/41/4-flux Hofstadter, SSH, and Rice--Mele models, including a rank-222 extension for isolated composite subspaces and applications to closed-loop and parameter-space topology. The resulting framework organizes Chern topology and local geometric information directly from finite-state data, providing a compact state-based description without relying on dynamical evolution.
We investigate the geometric structure of a Hermitian two-level mixing Hamiltonian motivated by neutral meson oscillations and its connections with qubit, fermionic, and topological descriptions. Mapping the Hamiltonian to an effective qubit representation, we analyze the geometric phase associated with cyclic parameter evolution on the Bloch sphere. Without identifying the complex mixing phase with a physical CP-violation observable, we interpret it as a CP-like geometric parameter controlling the azimuthal orientation of the Hamiltonian vector and its reversal under phase conjugation. Third-order Bargmann invariants constructed from the eigenstates yield an associated discrete phase whose dependence on the mixing parameters is examined alongside the continuous geometric construction. The cyclic evolution is also represented as a single-qubit RzR_zRz​ phase operation and expressed through Majorana bilinears. Extending the construction to the momentum-dependent Bogoliubov-de Gennes Hamiltonian of the Kitaev chain, we relate momentum-space winding to the topological regimes and the quantized Berry (Zak) phase in the real-parameter model, while the corresponding Bargmann construction approaches the global phase in the continuum limit. Together, these results provide a geometric perspective connecting phase structure, qubit operations, fermionic representations, and momentum-space topology within related two-level Hamiltonians.
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A time-reversal invariant Kitaev-type model is introduced in which spins (Dirac matrices) on the square lattice interact via anisotropic nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor exchange interactions. The model is exactly solved by mapping it onto a tight-binding model of free Majorana fermions coupled with static Z2{\mathbb{Z}}_{2}Z2​ gauge fields. The Majorana fermion model can be viewed as a model of time-reversal-invariant superconductor and is classified as a member of symmetry class DIII in the Altland-Zirnbauer classification. The ground-state phase diagram has two topologically distinct gapped phases which are distinguished by a Z2{\mathbb{Z}}_{2}Z2​ topological invariant. The topologically nontrivial phase supports both a Kramers' pair of gapless Majorana edge modes at the boundary and a Kramers' pair of zero-energy Majorana states bound to a 0-flux vortex in the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-flux background. Power-law decaying correlation functions of spins along the edge are obtained by taking the gapless Majorana edge modes into account. The model is also defined on the one-dimension ladder, in which case again the ground-state phase diagram has Z2{\mathbb{Z}}_{2}Z2​ trivial and nontrivial phases.
We investigate the non-Hermitian Kitaev chain with non-reciprocal hopping amplitudes and asymmetric superconducting pairing. We work out the symmetry structure of the model and show that particle-hole symmetry (PHS) is preserved throughout the entire parameter regime. As a consequence of PHS, the topological phase transition point of a finite open chain coincides with that of the periodic (infinite) system. By explicitly constructing the zero-energy wave functions (Majorana modes), we show that Majorana modes necessarily occur as reciprocal localization pairs accumulating on opposite boundaries, whose combined probability density exhibits an exact cancellation of the non-Hermitian skin effect for the zero energy modes. Excited states, by contrast, generically display skin-effect localization, with particle and hole components accumulating at opposite ends of the system. At the level of bulk topology, we further construct a Z2\mathbb{Z}_2Z2​ topological invariant in restricted parameter regimes that correctly distinguishes the topological and trivial phases. Finally, we present the topological phase diagram of the non-Hermitian Kitaev chain across a broad range of complex parameters and delineate the associated phase boundaries.
The Kitaev honeycomb model has attracted significant interest due to its quantum spin liquid ground state, fractionalized Majorana excitations, and topological properties. Motivated by these features, we introduce a quasi-one-dimensional Kitaev-like spin chain derived from a truncated honeycomb geometry. The resulting Majorana band structure contains both dispersive and flat bands, with a gap closing at a critical anisotropy that separates trivial and chiral topological phases. Under open boundary conditions, the topological regime hosts zero-energy edge modes protected by chiral symmetry, placing the system in the BDI symmetry class with a quantized winding number. In the excited spectrum, localized plaquette modes emerge near zero energy and can be tuned by introducing domains of negative plaquettes. The dynamical spin correlation function reveals broad continua associated with fractionalized excitations, together with characteristic low-energy spectral weight from edge Majorana modes. These features distinguish the present system from conventional Heisenberg spin chains and provide experimentally relevant fingerprints of chiral topological order. Our model thus establishes a conceptual bridge between the two-dimensional Kitaev spin liquid and Kitaev's one-dimensional quantum wire.