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arXiv:2609.19056

Majoron dark matter detection via hybrid magnon transmon qubit system

Le Bin Ho, Do Thi Huong

Published Jul 21, 2026• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Ultralight Majorons are well-motivated dark-matter candidates that can couple to electron spins, generating an oscillating pseudo-magnetic field. We propose a hybrid magnon-qubit haloscope that exploits this interaction to search for Majoron dark matter. In our scheme, the Majoron field resonantly drives the Kittel mode of a ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere, producing a collective magnon response enhanced by the large spin ensemble. The resulting magnon population is transduced to a superconducting transmon qubit through a cavity-mediated dispersive interaction and detected using quantum-nondemolition Ramsey interferometry. Using experimentally demonstrated parameters for magnon-cavity-qubit systems, we derive the Majoron-induced signal, evaluate the projected sensitivity, and analyze the corresponding mass-scan strategy enabled by magnetic-field tuning, benchmarking the projected reach against existing laboratory and astrophysical constraints on the axion/Majoron-electron coupling. Our results establish hybrid magnon-qubit architectures as a promising quantum-sensing platform for searches for Majoron dark matter and, more generally, ultralight bosonic fields coupled to electronic spins.

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Ultralight Majorons are well-motivated dark-matter candidates that can couple to electron spins, generating an oscillating pseudo-magnetic field. We propose a hybrid magnon-qubit haloscope that exploits this interaction to search for Majoron dark matter. In our scheme, the Majoron field resonantly drives the Kittel mode of a ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere, producing a collective magnon response enhanced by the large spin ensemble. The resulting magnon population is transduced to a superconducting transmon qubit through a cavity-mediated dispersive interaction and detected using quantum-nondemolition Ramsey interferometry. Using experimentally demonstrated parameters for magnon-cavity-qubit systems, we derive the Majoron-induced signal, evaluate the projected sensitivity, and analyze the corresponding mass-scan strategy enabled by magnetic-field tuning, benchmarking the projected reach against existing laboratory and astrophysical constraints on the axion/Majoron-electron coupling. Our results establish hybrid magnon-qubit architectures as a promising quantum-sensing platform for searches for Majoron dark matter and, more generally, ultralight bosonic fields coupled to electronic spins.
We propose a novel dark matter detection method utilizing the excitation of superconducting transmon qubits. Assuming the hidden photon dark matter of a mass of O(10) μeV, the classical wave-matter oscillation induces an effective ac electric field via the small kinetic mixing with the ordinary photon. This serves as a coherent drive field for a qubit when it is resonant, evolving it from the ground state towards the first-excited state. We evaluate the rate of such evolution and observable excitations in the measurements, as well as the search sensitivity to the hidden photon dark matter. For a selected mass, one can reach ε∼10^{-13}-10^{-12} (where ε is the kinetic mixing parameter of the hidden photon) with a few tens of seconds using a single standard transmon qubit. A simple extension to the frequency-tunable SQUID-based transmon enables the mass scan to cover the range of 4-40 μeV (1-10 GHz) within a reasonable length of run time. The scheme has great potential to extend the sensitivity towards various directions including being incorporated into the cavity-based haloscope experiments or the currently available multibit noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer machines.
Ultralight bosonic dark matter with masses in the meV range, corresponding to terahertz (THz) Compton frequencies, remains largely unexplored due to the difficulty of achieving both efficient signal conversion and single-photon-sensitive detection at THz frequencies. We propose a hybrid detection architecture that integrates a dielectric haloscope, Rydberg-atom transducer, and superconducting nanowire single-photon detection within a unified cryogenic platform operating at ≲1 K\lesssim 1\,\text{K}≲1K. The dielectric haloscope converts dark matter into THz photons via phase-matched resonant enhancement, achieving form factors C∼0.4C \sim 0.4C∼0.4 and loaded quality factors QL∼104Q_L \sim 10^4QL​∼104. A cold 87^{87}87Rb ensemble then coherently up-converts the THz signal to the optical domain through six-wave mixing among Rydberg states. The intrinsic directionality and narrow bandwidth (Δνatomic∼1 MHzΔν_{\mathrm{atomic}} \sim 1\,\text{MHz}Δνatomic​∼1MHz) of this process provide extra suppression of isotropic thermal backgrounds. With 10 days of integration at 0.3 K0.3\,\text{K}0.3K, we project sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling gaγγ∼10−13 GeV−1g_{aγγ} \sim 10^{-13}\,\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}gaγγ​∼10−13GeV−1 at ma∼0.4 meVm_a \sim 0.4\,\text{meV}ma​∼0.4meV, reaching the QCD axion band and opening the THz window for searches of both axion and dark photon dark matter.
We propose a direct axion dark matter (DM) search using superconducting transmon quantum bits (qubits) as quantum sensors. With an external magnetic field applied, axion DM generates an oscillating electric field, which causes the excitation of the qubit. Such an excitation can be regarded as a signal of the axion DM. We provide a theoretical consideration of the excitation process of the qubits, taking into account the effects of the shielding cavity surrounding the qubits, and estimate the signal rate for the axion DM detection. We also discuss the enhancement of the DM signal by using cavity resonance and entangled quantum sensors realized by a quantum circuit. Combining these two effects, we can reach the parameter region suggested by QCD axion models. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
We propose a protocol for generating magnonic squeezed states (MSS) and their superpositions (SMSS) in a hybrid system comprising a superconducting flux qubit magnetically coupled to the Kittel mode of a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere. The flux qubit provides an intrinsic longitudinal interaction with the magnon mode, which, under resonant microwave driving, gives rise to an effective qubit-state-dependent squeezing Hamiltonian. Numerical simulations incorporating realistic dissipation demonstrate that magnon quadrature noise reduction exceeding 8 dB8~\mathrm{dB}8 dB is achievable with experimentally accessible parameters.~By preparing the qubit in a superposition state followed by projective measurement, we further obtain symmetric and antisymmetric superpositions of orthogonally squeezed magnon states exhibiting clear phase-space interference fringes.~We discuss how the fourfold rotational symmetry of these states supports a bosonic logical encoding with potential for protecting against dominant error channels in magnonic platforms.
The implementation of quantum network made up of multiple nodes and channels needs to take advantage of hybrid quantum systems. So far, in the hybrid ferromagnet-superconductor quantum system, the establishment of the remote effective interactions based on the virtual photons exchange mediated by the microwave cavity mode has been experimentally confirmed, providing a physical basis for the implementation of the remote signal transfer from one node to another. In this work, we put forward a magnon-based hybrid quantum system consisting of two macroscopic spin subsystems [i.e., millimeter-diameter ferromagnetic yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) spheres] and one transmon-type superconducting qubit, and show that the mechanism of the cavity-mediated remote magnon-mode intertalk is feasible for achieving microwave signal transfer, simultaneously accompanied by a transition from Poissonian to sub-Poissonian statistics. We find that by tuning the typical system parameters properly, even if there is a mismatch in magnon-mode frequencies or dissipation rates between the two YIG spheres, the microwave information transfer from one YIG sphere to another is still robust, where the signal output through another YIG sphere exhibits pronounced antibunching. In addition, the proposed hybrid quantum system possesses a robustness window against the dissipation rates of both the qubit and the two Kittel modes. The analytical calculations and numerical simulations are conducted under experimentally accessible conditions, and the consistency of the results attained by these two methods makes our research more credible. Physically, we notice that two conversion channels are opened. One channel comes from the linear coupling. The other is based on the nonlinear interaction, which also is the underlying mechanism responsible for nonclassical sub-Poissonian signal output.
Axions are a compelling dark matter candidate suggested by theories beyond the Standard Model. The predicted axion-electron coupling and the resulting pseudomagnetic field allow for laboratory axion searches. Here we report an experimental axion search via a superconductor-spin hybrid magnetometer. A state-of-the-art broadband magnetometer with a sensitivity of sub-100 aT/Hz1/2^{1/2}1/2 at tens of kHz has been realized by coupling a ferrite spin sensor to a readout system based on a superconducting quantum interference device. The most stringent terrestrial constraints on the axion-electron coupling have been established in the frequency range 5$\sim$60 kHz. In the future, an improvement on the constraints of more than 4 orders of magnitude is foreseeable through arrays of superconductor-spin hybrid magnetometers with optimized designs. This work demonstrates the potential of superconductor-spin hybrid magnetometers in high-precision magnetic field sensing and the study of fundamental physics.