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arXiv:2609.17574

Gaussian Purification Quotients and Fixed Nielsen Penalties

Christian Kerskens

quant-phhep-thmath-phSubmitted Jul 31, 2026• Announced Aug 3, 2026• 0 citations• Revised Sep 17, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Jul 31, 2026v2 · Sep 17, 2026
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Abstract

Information distance and circuit complexity are both obtained by minimizing lengths, but they minimize over different objects. We make this distinction explicit for faithful one-mode Gaussian states. First, invariant-form uniqueness implies that no positive-definite quadratic gate cost can be invariant under the full adjoint action of the noncompact symplectic group; a positive Cartan majorant necessarily introduces additional reference data. The Uhlmann purification quotient realizes the Bures metric, and the radial covariance direction requires a system-ancilla coupling because system-only Gaussian unitaries preserve the Williamson eigenvalue. We then minimize fixed right-invariant quadratic norms on the minimal two-mode Gaussian gate algebra \(\mathfrak{sp}(4,\mathbb R)\). For the unweighted Frobenius norm, the quotient coefficients for radial and traceless covariance tangents are $G_0=[\hbar^2(u-1)]^{-1}$ and $G_2=[\hbar^2(3u-1)]^{-1}$, where $u=(2ν/\hbar)^2$. Their ratio does not equal the Bures ratio. The radial coefficient, however, reproduces the Bures value exactly at every $u$; the mismatch is confined to the traceless sector. More generally, a constant block-diagonal two-weight schedule gives $G_0/G_2=1+2(β/α)u/(u-1)$; matching Bures throughout the isotropic family would require the state-dependent relation $β/α=1/u$. At the Bures-Fisher determinant crossing \(u=\varphi\), pointwise matching is possible only by inserting $β/α=\varphi^{-1}$. Thus the Bures purification quotient is an exact state-geometric cost, but it is neither an unweighted symplectic gate cost nor a member of this fixed two-weight Nielsen family. The existence of a more general fixed positive gate norm realizing the quotient remains open.

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Universe•Jul 24, 2026•0 citations
Information distance and circuit complexity are both obtained by minimizing lengths, but they minimize over different objects. We make this distinction explicit for faithful one-mode Gaussian states. First, invariant-form uniqueness implies that no positive-definite quadratic gate cost can be invariant under the full adjoint action of the noncompact symplectic group; a positive Cartan majorant necessarily introduces additional reference data. The Uhlmann purification quotient realizes the Bures metric, and the radial covariance direction requires a system-ancilla coupling because system-only Gaussian unitaries preserve the Williamson eigenvalue. We then minimize fixed right-invariant quadratic norms on the minimal two-mode Gaussian gate algebra (\mathfrak{sp}(4,\mathbb R)). For the unweighted Frobenius norm, the quotient coefficients for radial and traceless covariance tangents are G0=[ℏ2(u−1)]−1G_0=[\hbar^2(u-1)]^{-1}G0​=[ℏ2(u−1)]−1 and G2=[ℏ2(3u−1)]−1G_2=[\hbar^2(3u-1)]^{-1}G2​=[ℏ2(3u−1)]−1, where u=(2ν/ℏ)2u=(2ν/\hbar)^2u=(2ν/ℏ)2. Their ratio does not equal the Bures ratio. The radial coefficient, however, reproduces the Bures value exactly at every uuu; the mismatch is confined to the traceless sector. More generally, a constant block-diagonal two-weight schedule gives G0/G2=1+2(β/α)u/(u−1)G_0/G_2=1+2(β/α)u/(u-1)G0​/G2​=1+2(β/α)u/(u−1); matching Bures throughout the isotropic family would require the state-dependent relation β/α=1/uβ/α=1/uβ/α=1/u. At the Bures-Fisher determinant crossing (u=\varphi), pointwise matching is possible only by inserting β/α=φ−1β/α=\varphi^{-1}β/α=φ−1. Thus the Bures purification quotient is an exact state-geometric cost, but it is neither an unweighted symplectic gate cost nor a member of this fixed two-weight Nielsen family. The existence of a more general fixed positive gate norm realizing the quotient remains open.
We compare four local geometries of centered one-mode bosonic Gaussiancovariances while keeping their operational meanings distinct. In a commontrace-orthonormal normalization, the Bures and covariance Fisher--Raocometric determinants cross intrinsically at x2=φx^2=\varphix2=φ. Afterintroducing a constant action-matching parameter η\etaη, theBures--Wasserstein determinant joins them only at(x,η)=(φ,φ)(x,\eta)=(\sqrt\varphi,\sqrt\varphi)(x,η)=(φ​,φ​). Equal determinant density doesnot mean tensor equality: relative to Fisher--Rao, the Bures cometric at thejunction isQgold=φ−2Π0+φΠ2,det⁡Qgold=1, Q_{\rm gold}=\varphi^{-2}\Pi_0+\varphi\Pi_2, \qquad \det Q_{\rm gold}=1,Qgold​=φ−2Π0​+φΠ2​,detQgold​=1,so its inverse has the exact scalar-to-weight-two quadratic penalty ratioφ3\varphi^3φ3. The normalized Bogoliubov--Kubo--Mori metric supplies anindependent relative-entropy diagnostic. It agrees radially with Bures buthas shape cometric eigenvalue4ℏ2x/log⁡[(x+1)/(x−1)]4\hbar^2x/\log[(x+1)/(x-1)]4ℏ2x/log[(x+1)/(x−1)]; it therefore does not form a fourthdeterminant junction and becomes tangentially stiff at the pure-stateboundary. Operationally, weight-two motion is generated by a system-onlyGaussian unitary, whereas radial motion requires a Gaussian channel orancillary dilation. The known Uhlmann--Ruan purification quotient realizesthe local Bures state metric, but an explicitsp(4,R)\mathfrak{sp}(4,\mathbb R)sp(4,R) test shows that an unweighted right-invariantFrobenius gate norm does not reproduce the golden penalty. Conditionalbranch selection and finite-rate Bures--Wasserstein cost separation arepresented as secondary statements, not as dynamical phase transitions.
For centered bosonic Gaussian states, the covariance pullback of the Bures cometric differs from the lift-normalized classical covariance Fisher--Rao cometric by a state-independent bilinear form. Under the canonical identification of symmetric covariance covectors with sp(2N,R)\mathfrak{sp}(2N,\mathbb{R})sp(2N,R), this form is the trace form and hence a fixed multiple of the Killing form. We prove that, within the normalized symmetric Petz family, Bures is uniquely selected by requiring such an additive state-independent symplectic correction. We determine the full Williamson-frame spectrum and show that a boundary stratum with mmm pure modes has an m2m^2m2-dimensional cometric kernel isomorphic to u(m)\mathfrak u(m)u(m), while the pure Gaussian orbit remains nondegenerate. For radial one-mode estimation, ideal heterodyne detection accesses the exact fraction (ν−ℏ/2)/(ν+ℏ/2)(ν-\hbar/2)/(ν+\hbar/2)(ν−ℏ/2)/(ν+ℏ/2) of the SLD quantum Fisher information. Its vanishing boundary limit reflects finite heterodyne information relative to a divergent radial quantum Fisher information, not zero measurement information. Finally, a minimal Schur realization fixes the auxiliary inertia and identifies the second Schur complement as the true covariant vertical block.
We construct the covariance-sector Bures geometry of centered bosonic Gaussian states from the Gaussian symmetric-logarithmic-derivative equation and determine its quantum-admissible domain. At the Williamson uncertainty floor, the boundary geometry is anisotropic: spectrum-changing radial coefficients diverge, whereas squeezing and rotation directions along the pure Gaussian orbit remain finite. Dually, the covariance cometric acquires an exact m2m^2m2-dimensional kernel when mmm modes become pure, yet the boundary remains at finite radial Bures distance. We derive the potential Φ=−12∑klog⁡(νk2−14), Φ=-\tfrac12\sum_k\log(ν_k^2-\tfrac14), Φ=−21​∑k​log(νk2​−41​), which generates fixed-frame covariance dilation and equals βFβFβF on fixed-Hamiltonian thermal families. At large symplectic eigenvalue, the relative quantum correction is O(ℏ2/ν2)O(\hbar^2/ν^2)O(ℏ2/ν2), recovering covariance Fisher--Rao geometry. This intrinsic classical regime differs from the pure-state boundary, where classical statistics require a specified measurement channel. As a secondary comparison, the normalized Bures, Fisher--Rao, and action-matched Bures--Wasserstein determinant densities possess an exact one-mode junction at (x,η)=(φ,φ),x=2ν/ℏ. (x,η)=(\sqrt{\varphi},\sqrt{\varphi}),\qquad x=2ν/\hbar. (x,η)=(φ​,φ​),x=2ν/ℏ. This junction is kinematic, and its branch interpretation is conditional. At a prescribed finite nonzero compression rate, the Bures action diverges while the Bures--Wasserstein cost remains finite; a bounded Bures budget instead enforces radial deceleration.
We deform the Carlen--Maas--Wirth framework for noncommutative dynamical optimal transport by an Arnold--Nielsen type complexity operator. A positive state-independent operator GGG compatible with the Hilbert bimodule structure of a noncommutative differential calculus $\partial\colon\M\to\Hcal$ can be absorbed into the calculus itself, ∂G:=G1/2∂. \partial_G:=G^{1/2}\partial. ∂G​:=G1/2∂. The corresponding complexity-weighted transport problem is exactly the unweighted transport problem generated by ∂G\partial_G∂G​, whenever the deformed quadratic form remains Dirichlet. In finite dimensions we prove existence of minimizers for density-dependent Petz-class metrics and for fixed physical complexity weights, the latter without commutation between GGG and the state-dependent mobility. On unitary orbits we identify the induced distance with a quotient metric coming from a right-invariant complexity geometry. This yields an exact Bell-state preparation result via Clairaut's relation and an exactly computed restricted-path upper bound for GHZ preparation; the Lindblad detailed-balance case is included only as entropy-gradient-flow background.
We construct the covariance-sector Bures geometry of centered bosonic Gaussianstates directly from the Gaussian symmetric-logarithmic-derivative equationand determine its global quantum domain. The Robertson--Schr\"odingercondition bounds this domain below by the Williamson uncertainty floor. Itsboundary geometry is anisotropic: spectrum-changing radial coefficientsdiverge, whereas squeezing and rotation coefficients remain finite along thepure Gaussian orbit. Dually, the covariance cometric develops an exactm2m^2m2-dimensional kernel when mmm Williamson modes are pure, although thefloor remains at finite radial Bures distance. We derive the radial potentialΦ=−12∑klog⁡(νk2−14)\Phi=-\tfrac12\sum_k\log(\nu_k^2-\tfrac14)Φ=−21​∑k​log(νk2​−41​), which generates covariancedilation on fixed-Williamson-frame radial submanifolds and satisfiesΦ=βF\Phi=\beta FΦ=βF on fixed-Hamiltonian thermal families. At large symplecticeigenvalue the relative symplectic correction is suppressed asO(ℏ2/ν2)O(\hbar^2/\nu^2)O(ℏ2/ν2), yielding an intrinsic high-noise recovery of covarianceFisher--Rao geometry. This limit is distinct from the Williamson floor, whichis a quantum pure-state boundary rather than a classical limit. A classicalmodel at the floor instead requires an explicitly supplied measurement channelor commutative restriction; the boundary geometry constrains the structure onwhich that operational map acts but does not select the map itself. As asecondary comparison, we place the Gaussian Bures geometry alongside theFisher--Rao and Bures--Wasserstein covariance geometries. After introducing aconstant action-matching parameter η\etaη, their normalized determinantdensities possess an exact one-mode junction at(x,η)=(φ,φ)(x,\eta)=(\sqrt{\varphi},\sqrt{\varphi})(x,η)=(φ​,φ​). The equality is kinematic: it isneither an additional boundary nor a dynamical transition, and branch selectionrequires an explicitly stated minimum-log-determinant hypothesis. For the sameprescribed finite-rate radial compression toward the floor, the Bures kineticdensity and action diverge while the Bures--Wasserstein cost remains finite;under a bounded Bures kinetic budget, the intrinsic consequence is radialdeceleration rather than a forced change of geometry.
Finite-dimensional closed-system gate synthesis is a geometric optimal-control problem on a compact Lie group, but global solutions require careful treatment of logarithm branches, determinant-one constraints, drift, anisotropic penalties, and amplitude limits. This paper assembles and extends a self-contained family of exactly solved benchmarks under explicit hypotheses. For a positive right-invariant quadratic metric, smooth stationary curves obey the Euler–Arnold equation and possess Lax invariants. Under fully actuated isotropic control on SU(n), the fixed-time minimum action is the squared Hilbert–Schmidt distance divided by twice the gate time and is generated by a minimum-norm skew-Hermitian logarithm. A finite eigenphase-unwrapping rule computes that logarithm, while the affine spectral-width cut wall and a branch-gap criterion distinguish stable selection from set-valued behavior. Drift is removed isometrically whenever the metric is invariant under the drift adjoint action. Weighted action and box-constrained time on maximal tori and arbitrary closed commuting subtori reduce to explicit period-lattice problems; the latter gives distinct strict determinant-one and projective period lattices for an ideal fSim sector. Numerical validation uses 1506 Haar-random targets through dimension 128, a complete cost-bounded dynamic-program cross-check for every target, 300 direct Cartesian branch enumerations, 120 random-conjugation tests with analytically prescribed spectra, 240 independently cross-checked random weighted-torus instances, a separate SU(256) stress target, large-cluster selector regressions, repeated timing trials, GRAPE–L-BFGS, a first-order sequential Krotov-type update with exact discrete propagation and Fréchet derivatives, randomized and drift-adapted CRAB–Powell bases, and cut-locus tests that exercise the implemented Schur/logarithm solver. When sparse actuation, decoherence, leakage, or uncertainty invalidates the ideal hypotheses, the exact results are positioned as ideal-model reference values, branch-aware seeds, and regression tests rather than as certificates for the enlarged objective.