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arXiv:2609.16364

Pump-Free Microwave-Optical Bell Pair Generation for Teleportation-Based Quantum Transduction

Fangxin Li, Jaesung Heo, Zhaoyou Wang, Benjamin Pingault, Xingyu Gao, Tengyang Ruan, Anjun Chu, David D. Awschalom, Andrew N. Cleland, Andrew P. Higginbotham, Alexander A. High, Liang Jiang

quant-phSubmitted Sep 14, 2026• Announced Sep 16, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

The coherent conversion between microwave and optical photons, known as quantum transduction, is critical for connecting superconducting processors to optical networks. Existing methods are limited by complications associated with optical pumping. We propose a pump-free microwave-optical Bell-pair source for teleportation-based transduction. Using a spin or atomic system resonantly coupled to optical and microwave cavities, the scheme generates loss-robust heralded Bell pairs. Across color centers, atomic ensembles, and phonon-mediated systems, this assembly achieves kilohertz-range heralding rates with high fidelity.

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The coherent conversion between microwave and optical photons, known as quantum transduction, is critical for connecting superconducting processors to optical networks. Existing methods are limited by complications associated with optical pumping. We propose a pump-free microwave-optical Bell-pair source for teleportation-based transduction. Using a spin or atomic system resonantly coupled to optical and microwave cavities, the scheme generates loss-robust heralded Bell pairs. Across color centers, atomic ensembles, and phonon-mediated systems, this assembly achieves kilohertz-range heralding rates with high fidelity.
Microwave-optical quantum transduction can be achieved via quantum teleportation using microwave-optical photon Bell pairs. The standard spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) has to trade off between generation fidelity and probability due to unwanted higher-excitation pairs in the output. In this work, we propose a pulsed SPDC scheme that employs strong Kerr nonlinearity in the microwave mode. This nonlinearity causes significant detuning of higher excitations due to the anharmonicity of energy levels, and the system can be pulse-driven to produce single-photon pairs in the output. Our pulsed nonlinear approach can generate high-fidelity Bell pairs with high probability, alleviating the trade-off between fidelity and probability inherent in traditional SPDC schemes. We optimize both the pulse width and driving strength, demonstrating that our protocol outperforms the SPDC scheme in a realistic setting of finite nonlinearity and intrinsic photon loss.
Abstract Frequency conversion between microwave and optical photons is a key enabling technology to create links between superconducting quantum processors and to realize distributed quantum networks. We propose a microwave-optical transduction platform based on long-coherence time superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities coupled to electro-optic optical cavities to mitigate the loss mechanisms that limit the attainment of high conversion efficiency. We optimize the microwave-optical field overlap and optical coupling losses in the design while achieving long microwave and optical photon lifetime at milli-Kelvin temperatures. This represents a significant enhancement of the transduction efficiency up to 50% under incoming pump power of 140 μW, which allows the conversion of few-photon quantum signals. Furthermore, this scheme exhibits high resolution for optically reading out the dispersive shift induced by a superconducting transmon qubit coupled to the SRF cavity. We also show that low microwave losses enhance the fidelity of heralded entanglement generation between two remote quantum systems. Finally, high precision in quantum sensing can be reached below the standard quantum limit.
Hybrid quantum devices offer a route to combine complementary functionalities of disparate physical systems within a single architecture. Extending this concept to a three-way interface among optical, microwave, and single-spin degrees of freedom is particularly challenging because of the weak magnetic interaction between an individual spin and a microwave photon. Here, we propose a hybrid device architecture that integrates a single diamond color center with a superconducting parallel-plate microwave resonator and a photonic-crystal cavity. The parallel-plate geometry drastically reduces the resonator impedance and enhances the single-spin microwave coupling rate by an order of magnitude. The enhanced interaction allows the optical cavity to be spatially separated from the superconducting structure while retaining appreciable microwave coupling and optical cooperativity above 1. For both NV−^-− and 117{}^{117}117SnV−^-− centers, numerical simulations predict microwave coupling rates in the kilohertz range together with optical cooperativity exceeding 1. This architecture provides a promising route toward single-spin microwave-optical hybrid quantum devices enabling functionalities such as pump-free microwave-optical Bell-pair generation.
Quantum state transfer between microwave and optical frequencies is essential for connecting superconducting quantum circuits to optical systems and extending microwave quantum networks over long distances. However, establishing such a quantum interface is extremely challenging because the standard direct quantum transduction requires both high coupling efficiency and small added noise. We propose an entanglement-based scheme-generating microwave-optical entanglement and using it to transfer quantum states via quantum teleportation-which can bypass the stringent requirements in direct quantum transduction and is robust against loss errors. In addition, we propose and analyze a counterintuitive design-suppress the added noise by placing the device at a higher temperature environment-which can improve both the device quality factor and power handling capability. We systematically analyze the generation and verification of entangled microwave-optical-photon pairs. The parameter for entanglement verification favors the regime of cooperativity mismatch and can tolerate certain thermal noises. Our scheme is feasible given the latest advances on electro-optomechanics, and can be generalized to various physical systems.
Scaling up superconducting quantum processors remains a central challenge for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Although distributed architectures based on optical photons offer a promising route to scalability, they require an efficient microwave-to-optical quantum transducer that operates at cryogenic temperatures. Existing approaches typically rely on strong optical pumping, which induces undesirable heating and degrades single-photon coherence. Here, we propose a microwave-to-optical quantum transducer based on resonant scattering at a single color center embedded in a diamond optomechanical resonator. We show that strong coupling between the color center and the optical cavity enables coherent conversion at extremely weak pump powers on the order of 10 pW. The proposed scheme enables remote entanglement generation at a kilohertz-scale rate with a fidelity exceeding 0.9, demonstrating a viable pathway toward ultra-weak-pump and high-efficiency quantum transducers based on a solid-state defect.
Networking superconducting quantum computers is a longstanding challenge in quantum science. The typical approach has been to cascade transducers: converting to optical frequencies at the transmitter and to microwave frequencies at the receiver. However, the small microwave-optical coupling and added noise have proven formidable obstacles. Instead, we propose optical networking via heralding end-to-end entanglement with one detected photon and teleportation. This new protocol can be implemented on standard transduction hardware while providing significant performance improvements over transduction. In contrast to cascaded direct transduction, our scheme absorbs the low optical-microwave coupling efficiency into the heralding step, thus breaking the rate-fidelity trade-off. Moreover, this technique unifies and simplifies entanglement generation between superconducting devices and other physical modalities in quantum networks.