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arXiv:2609.15604

Parametric two-qubit gates via Landau-Zener interference

Simon Geisert, Albert Hertel, Soeren Ihssen, Zhongyi Jiang, Paul Kugler, Nicolas Zapata, Nicolas Gosling, Ameya Nambisan, Yuan Gao, Asier Galicia, Jéferson R. Guimarães, Yorgo Haddad, Marc Neis, Harsh Bhardwaj, Dmitriy A. Volkov, Juan Cereijo, Marcello Guardascione, Yebin Liu, Markus Jerger, Pavel Bushev, Frank Wilhelm-Mauch, Wolfgang Wernsdorfer, Shai Machnes, Mohammad Ansari, Rami Barends, Ioan M. Pop

quant-phSubmitted Sep 14, 2026• Announced Sep 15, 2026• 0 citations
v1 · Sep 14, 2026v2 · Sep 15, 2026
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Abstract

We propose and demonstrate gates between two superconducting qubits based on quantum interference of consecutive Landau-Zener (LZ) transitions. This gate mechanism bridges between baseband and parametric two-qubit control, enabling in situ tuning of the control frequency across a continuous interval up to hundreds of MHz. Another advantage compared to dispersive couplers is that the speed of the LZ gate is on the order of the full coupling strength. We experimentally demonstrate the gate on two platforms, a modular chiplet architecture of coupled generalized flux qubits, and on a monolithic transmon architecture. The combination of tunability and gate speed establishes the LZ gate as a unique tool for multiplexing control pulses and interconnecting superconducting chiplet architectures.

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We propose and demonstrate gates between two superconducting qubits based on quantum interference of consecutive Landau-Zener (LZ) transitions. This gate mechanism bridges between baseband and parametric two-qubit control, enabling in situ tuning of the control frequency across a continuous interval up to hundreds of MHz. Another advantage compared to dispersive couplers is that the speed of the LZ gate is on the order of the full coupling strength. We experimentally demonstrate the gate on two platforms, a modular chiplet architecture of coupled generalized flux qubits, and on a monolithic transmon architecture. The combination of tunability and gate speed establishes the LZ gate as a unique tool for multiplexing control pulses and interconnecting superconducting chiplet architectures.
Landau–Zener–Stückelberg (LZS) interference has drawn renewed attention to quantum information processing research because it is not only an effective tool for characterizing two-level quantum systems but also a powerful approach to manipulate quantum states. Superconducting quantum circuits, due to their versatile tunability and degrees of control, are ideal platforms for studying LZS interference phenomena. We use a superconducting Xmon qubit to study LZS interference by parametrically modulating the qubit transition frequency nonlinearly. For dc flux biasing of the qubit slightly far away from the optimal flux point, the qubit excited state population shows an interference pattern that is very similar to the standard LZS interference in linear regime, except that all bands shift towards lower frequencies when increasing the rf modulation amplitude. For dc flux biasing close to the optimal flux point, the negative sidebands and the positive sidebands behave differently, resulting in an asymmetric interference pattern. The experimental results are also in good agreement with our analytical and numerical simulations.
Future quantum information processors require tunable coupling architectures that can produce high-fidelity logical gates between two or more qubits. Parametric coupling is a powerful technique for generating tunable interactions between many qubits. Here, we present a highly flexible parametric coupling scheme with superconducting qubits that provides complete removal of residual Z Z coupling and the implementation of driven SWAP or SWAP-free controlled- Z ( C Z ) gates. Our fully integrated two-dimensional on-chip coupler design is only weakly flux tunable, cancels static linear coupling between the qubits, avoids internal coupler dynamics or excitations, and is extensible to multiqubit circuit-QED systems. Exploring gate fidelity versus gate duration allows us to maximize two-qubit gate fidelity, while providing insights into possible error sources for these gates. Randomized benchmarking over several hours reveals that the parametric SWAP C Z gate achieves an average fidelity of 99.44 ± 0.09 % in a gate duration of 70 ns and that a dispersively driven parametric SWAP-free C Z gate attains an average fidelity of 99.47 ± 0.07 % in only 30 ns. The fidelity remained above this value for over 8 h and peaked twice with a maximum of 99.67 ± 0.14 % . Overall, our parametric approach combines versatility, precision, speed, and high performance in one compact coupler design.
High-fidelity parametric gates have been demonstrated with superconducting qubits via rf flux modulation of the qubit frequency. The modulation however leads to renormalization of the bare qubit-qubit coupling, thereby reducing the gate speed. Here, we realize a parametric-resonance gate, which is activated by bringing the average frequency of the modulated qubit in resonance with a static-frequency qubit while approximately retaining the bare qubit-qubit coupling. The activation of parametric-resonance gates does not depend on the frequency of modulation, allowing us to choose the modulation frequencies and avoid frequency collisions. Moreover, we show that this approach is compatible with tunable coupler architectures, which reduce always-on residual couplings. Using these techniques, we demonstrate iswap and controlled-ZZZ gates between two qubits coupled via a tunable coupler with average process fidelities as high as $99.3\mathrm{%}$ and $97.9\mathrm{%}$, respectively. The flexibility in activating parametric-resonance gates combined with a tunable coupler architecture provides a pathway for building large-scale quantum computers.
A radio frequency (rf) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is a macroscopic quantum object consisting of a superconducting loop interrupted by a Josephson junction. Superconducting phase quantum bits (qubits) based on rf SQUIDs have been proven to be one of the most promising candidates for building a quantum computer. They exploit the unique resources of quantum superposition and entanglement and are exponentially faster than classical computers in solving certain problems, such as factoring. Compared to other approaches to quantum computing, superconducting phase qubits allow stronger and more flexible inter-qubit coupling and thus are easier to scale up. However, phase qubits couple to the environment and are subject to considerable decoherence. The resulting coherence time (also called decoherence time) is on the order of 100 ns, about two orders of magnitude shorter than that required for fault-tolerant quantum computing. One possible solution is to develop faster quantum gates in phase qubits. In this dissertation, coherent manipulation of multi-partite quantum states via Landau-Zener (LZ) transitions was investigated in a phase qubit, which was coupled to two microscopic two-level systems (TLSs) embedded in the tunnel barrier of the Josephson junction. The qubit chip was measured at temperatures below 30 mK in an ultra-low noise environment with excellent electrical and magnetic filtering and shielding. All parameters of the phase qubit were calibrated independently. The phase qubit's decoherence times have been carefully measured as well. Fast and precise coherent control of the tripartite quantum states has been successfully demonstrated by the observation of the Landau-Zener-Stückelberg (LZS) interference in the coupled qubit-TLS system. Furthermore, it is shown that utilizing LZ transitions to create multi-partite entangled states, such as the W state, is significantly more efficient than conventional methods which require a sequence of single-qubit and two-qubit gates. Hence, coherent manipulation of multi-partite quantum states via LZ transitions is a promising basis for a new family of fast multi-qubit quantum gates.
A superconducting fluxonium circuit is an RF-superconducting quantum interference device-type flux qubit that uses a large inductance built from an array of Josephson junctions or a high kinetic inductance material. This inductance suppresses charge sensitivity exponentially and flux sensitivity quadratically. In contrast to the transmon qubit, the anharmonicity of fluxonium can be large and positive, allowing for better separation between the low energy qubit manifold of the circuit and higher-lying excited states. Here, we propose a tunable coupling scheme for implementing two-qubit gates on fixed-frequency fluxonium qubits, biased at half flux quantum. In this system, both qubits and couplers are coupled capacitively and implemented as fluxonium circuits with an additional harmonic mode. We investigate the performance of the scheme by simulating a universal two-qubit fSim gate. In the proposed approach, we rely on a planar on-chip architecture for the whole device. Our design is compatible with existing hardware for transmon-based devices with the additional advantage of lower qubit frequency facilitating high-precision gating.
The development of high-fidelity two-qubit quantum gates is essential for digital quantum computing. Here, we propose and realize an all-microwave parametric controlled-Z (CZ) gates by coupling strength modulation in a superconducting Transmon qubit system with tunable couplers. After optimizing the design of the tunable coupler together with the control pulse numerically, we experimentally realized a 100 ns CZ gate with high fidelity of 99.38% ± 0.34% and the control error being 0.1%. We note that our CZ gates are not affected by pulse distortion and do not need pulse correction, providing a solution for the real-time pulse generation in a dynamic quantum feedback circuit. With the expectation of utilizing our all-microwave control scheme to reduce the number of control lines through frequency multiplexing in the future, our scheme draws a blueprint for the high-integrable quantum hardware design.