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arXiv:2608.31154

Engineering multi-photon dissipation with a dc-voltage-biased Josephson junction

Marco Paradina, Ambroise Peugeot, Roberto Negrin, Oscar Novat, Tristan Villain, Anil Murani, Jean-Loup Ville, Sébastien Jezouin, Raphaël Lescanne, Audrey Bienfait, Benjamin Huard

quant-phcond-mat.mes-hallSubmitted Aug 31, 2026• Announced Sep 1, 2026• 0 citations• Revised Sep 25, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Aug 31, 2026v2 · Sep 25, 2026
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Abstract

Multi-photon dissipation -- a key resource for bosonic qubits -- is usually realized by parametrically pumping a Josephson coupler at the cost of spurious nonlinear terms. Here we instead engineer it using a dc-voltage-biased SQUID, such that these parasitic terms average out. We activate the conversion of one, two, or four photons of a high-Q mode into a single photon of a lossy mode. We characterize the two-photon dissipation by Wigner tomography, establishing dc-biased junctions as a resource for reservoir engineering and a viable route to cat-qubit stabilization.

Comments
Compared to the first version, this one provides an independent determination of the single photon loss rate and details about the model used in Fig. 4c

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Multi-photon dissipation -- a key resource for bosonic qubits -- is usually realized by parametrically pumping a Josephson coupler at the cost of spurious nonlinear terms. Here we instead engineer it using a dc-voltage-biased SQUID, such that these parasitic terms average out. We activate the conversion of one, two, or four photons of a high-Q mode into a single photon of a lossy mode. We characterize the two-photon dissipation by Wigner tomography, establishing dc-biased junctions as a resource for reservoir engineering and a viable route to cat-qubit stabilization.
DC-voltage-biased Josephson junctions have been recently employed in superconducting circuits for Hamiltonian engineering, demonstrating microwave amplification, single photon sources and entangled photon generation. Compared to more conventional approaches based on parametric pumps, this solution typically enables larger interaction strengths. In the context of quantum information, a two-to-one photon interaction can stabilize cat qubits, where bit-flip errors are exponentially suppressed, promising significant resource savings for quantum error correction. This work investigates how the DC bias approach to Hamiltonian engineering can benefit cat qubits. We find a simple circuit design that is predicted to showcase a two-to-one photon exchange rate larger than that of the parametric pump-based implementation while dynamically averaging typically resonant parasitic terms such as Kerr and cross Kerr. In addition to addressing qubit stabilization, we propose to use injection locking with a cat-qubit adapted frequency filter to prevent long-term drifts of the cat qubit angle associated to DC voltage noise. The whole scheme is simulated without rotating-wave approximations, highlighting for the first time the amplitude of related oscillatory effects in cat-qubit stabilization schemes. This study lays the groundwork for the experimental realization of such a circuit.
A new phase diffusive regime in a current biased Josephson junction is theoretically explored which originates from embedding the junction in a circuit environment with anomalous dissipation. This is realized by placing parallel to the junction a resistor in series with a capacitor such that electromagnetic fluctuations effectively couple also to the charge of the junction. This leads to rich Josephson dynamics, in particular for the switching of the junction out of a zero voltage state. Modelled as the escape process of a fictitious phase-particle out of a metastable well, a detailed study reveals that anomalous dissipation has a strong impact at low temperatures when quantum tunneling dominates against thermal activation. As a manifestation, a regime is found, where for realistic circuit parameters the quantum escape process is substantially enhanced, followed by a short voltage pulse and re-trapping with high probability. This class of circuits may be leveraged for detecting microwave photons or dissipative quantum annealing processes. In addition, the analysis provides a general framework for engineering dissipative dynamics in nonlinear systems using anomalous environments.
Dissipation engineering offers a powerful tool for quantum technologies. Recently, new superconducting devices have achieved an engineered two-photon dissipation rate exceeding all other relevant timescales. In particular, they have proven most useful in preventing transitions between the logical states $|\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\alpha}⟩$ of a cat qubit. Here, we present three key applications of strong two-photon dissipation for quantum measurement and control, beyond cat qubit stabilization. Firstly, we demonstrate its efficacy in overcoming limitations encountered in Wigner tomography at high photon numbers. Secondly, we showcase its potential for realizing universal gates on cat qubits, exploiting the coherent mapping between cat qubit states and superpositions of 0 and 1 photons. Finally, we harness the transient dynamics of a cat state under two-photon dissipation to prepare squeezed cat states with a squeezing factor exceeding $3.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ dB.
Parametric interactions are foundational to superconducting quantum technologies, yet conventional microwave-driven pumping introduces parasitic Kerr nonlinearities and higher-order harmonics that limit device performance. Josephson Photonics (JP) avoids these parasitics by utilizing dc-biased junctions but has remained constrained by high phase noise and the absence of a stable phase reference. Here, we overcome this limitation by integrating a Josephson voltage standard (JVS) to establish a noise-tolerant phase reference, and demonstrate that this reference is coherently transferred to an inelastic Cooper-pair tunneling amplifier (ICTA) via the superconducting order parameter. The resulting low-phase-noise architecture yields a 14-dB enhancement in averaged gain and better quantum-limited noise performance. Critically, the phase reference enables the first observation of phase-sensitive gain and squeezing in a dc-biased amplifier. By reconciling clean, Kerr-free nonlinearities with phase-coherent drive, our architecture establishes a robust platform for high-purity parametric processes in superconducting circuits.
Dissipatively stabilized cat qubits provide a promising route toward fault-tolerant quantum computation, exhibiting exponential suppression of bit-flip errors with increasing phase-space separation of the logical states, while incurring only a linear increase in phase-flip errors. Existing implementations rely on engineered two-photon dissipation via nonlinear coupling to a lossy environment, an approach largely confined to superconducting platforms and limited by spurious decay channels and finite dissipation rates. Here, we propose a fundamentally different stabilization paradigm based on repeated interactions with an auxiliary two-level system mediated by a quadratic Hamiltonian, enabling dissipative stabilization without reservoir engineering. Our approach overcomes key limitations of existing schemes and is compatible with a wider class of experimental platforms. Furthermore, it preserves the noise bias and extends to squeezed cat qubits, rendering single-photon loss errors partially correctable.
In this talk, I will start by briefly introducing the Josephson-junction, which is the non-linear circuit element used to engineer the artificial atoms. Then I will discuss two qualitatively different methods using this non-linear element for generating entangled photon pairs in superconducting circuits. One approach builds on parametric down-conversion of a coherent ac drive (see fig. 1)[2] while the other relies on the ac Josephson effect, requiring only a dc voltage bias (see fig. 2) [3]. Finally, I will discuss a few recent experimental implementations [4-8].