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arXiv:2608.21361

Classical versus non-classical photon states for detecting vacuum non-linearity

N. Ahmadiniaz, C. Kohlfürst, R. Shaisultanov, R. Schützhold

quant-phhep-phSubmitted Aug 21, 2026• Announced Aug 24, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) predicts that the vacuum should behave as a non-linear medium. For many schemes aimed at verifying this fundamental prediction, the signal consists of one or more photons in a certain mode (determined by polarization $σ$ and wave-number $\boldsymbol{k}$) which would be empty in the absence of a QED vacuum non-linearity. Here we consider modifying these schemes by sending in a classical or non-classical (e.g., squeezed) photon state instead of the initial vacuum state in that mode. We find that the detectability can be improved significantly.

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Quantum electrodynamics (QED) predicts that the vacuum should behave as a non-linear medium. For many schemes aimed at verifying this fundamental prediction, the signal consists of one or more photons in a certain mode (determined by polarization σσσ and wave-number k\boldsymbol{k}k) which would be empty in the absence of a QED vacuum non-linearity. Here we consider modifying these schemes by sending in a classical or non-classical (e.g., squeezed) photon state instead of the initial vacuum state in that mode. We find that the detectability can be improved significantly.
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