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arXiv:2608.12021

Efficient Assembly of a Defect-Free Quantum Register of 1024 Neutral-Atom Qubits

Lukas Sturm, Marcel Mittenbuehler, Tim Gollerthan, Malte Schlosser, Gerhard Birkl

quant-phSubmitted Aug 12, 2026• Announced Aug 13, 2026• 0 citations

Abstract

Low-entropy arrays of atomic quantum systems in optical tweezers offer unique prospects for fundamental research on few- and many-body systems as well as for extended applications in quantum technology. The significance of this approach relies on the achievable system size, its uniformity, and the rate of qubit allocation. We propel the neutral-atom quantum-technology platform by the rapid assembly of a regular two-dimensional quantum register of up to 1024 atomic qubits, enabled by a novel implementation of intensity-homogenized tweezer arrays and parallelized atom transport. Our highly efficient microoptical architecture modularizes intensity equalization and tweezer patterning in separate functional units, eliminating restrictions that arise for high-power, high-resolution, and large-scale light-field control within a single device. Arrays of precise grid structure, trap depth, and vibrational frequency with more than 3500 sites are demonstrated. Individual sites are interconnected by up to 50 parallelized transport tweezers with intensity and position control in real-time for swift qubit relocation. Multi-tweezer transport enables the operation of target patterns of up to 32 x 32 sites with sustained near-unity filling fraction. These results boost neutral-atom quantum information science above the kiloqubit level.

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We report on the realization of a large-scale quantum-processing architecture surpassing the tier of 1000 atomic qubits. By tiling multiple microlens-generated tweezer arrays, each operated by an independent laser source, we can eliminate laser-power limitations in the number of allocatable qubits. Already with two separate arrays, we implement combined 2D configurations of 3000 qubit sites with a mean number of 1167(46) single-atom quantum systems. The transfer of atoms between the two arrays is achieved with high efficiency. Thus, supercharging one array designated as the quantum processing unit with atoms from the secondary array significantly increases the number of qubits and the initial filling fraction. This drastically enlarges attainable qubit cluster sizes and success probabilities allowing us to demonstrate the defect-free assembly of clusters of up to 441 qubits with persistent stabilization at a near-unity filling fraction over tens of detection cycles. The presented method substantiates neutral atom quantum information science by facilitating configurable geometries of highly scalable quantum registers with immediate application in Rydberg-state-mediated quantum simulation, fault-tolerant universal quantum computation, quantum sensing, and quantum metrology.

The realization of large-scale fully controllable quantum systems is an exciting frontier in modern physical science. We use atom-by-atom assembly to implement a platform for the deterministic preparation of regular one-dimensional arrays of individually controlled cold atoms. In our approach, a measurement and feedback procedure eliminates the entropy associated with probabilistic trap occupation and results in defect-free arrays of more than 50 atoms in less than 400 milliseconds. The technique is based on fast, real-time control of 100 optical tweezers, which we use to arrange atoms in desired geometric patterns and to maintain these configurations by replacing lost atoms with surplus atoms from a reservoir. This bottom-up approach may enable controlled engineering of scalable many-body systems for quantum information processing, quantum simulations, and precision measurements.

Large arrays of individually controlled atoms trapped in optical tweezers are a very promising platform for quantum engineering applications. However, deterministic loading of the traps is experimentally challenging. We demonstrate the preparation of fully loaded two-dimensional arrays of up to ~50 microtraps, each containing a single atom and arranged in arbitrary geometries. Starting from initially larger, half-filled matrices of randomly loaded traps, we obtain user-defined target arrays at unit filling. This is achieved with a real-time control system and a moving optical tweezers, which together enable a sequence of rapid atom moves depending on the initial distribution of the atoms in the arrays. These results open exciting prospects for quantum engineering with neutral atoms in tunable two-dimensional geometries.

We demonstrate the defect-free assembly of versatile target patterns of up 111 neutral atoms, building on a 361-site subset of a micro-optical architecture that readily provides thousands of sites for single-atom quantum systems. By performing multiple assembly cycles in rapid succession, we drastically increase achievable structure sizes and success probabilities. We implement repeated target pattern reconstruction after atom loss and deterministic transport of partial atom clusters necessary for distributing entanglement in large-scale systems. This technique will propel assembled-atom architectures beyond the threshold of quantum advantage and into a regime with abundant applications in quantum sensing and metrology, Rydberg-state mediated quantum simulation, and error-corrected quantum computation.

Optical tweezer arrays of neutral atoms have been demonstrated in recent years to be a useful platform for quantum simulation, computation, and metrology. Realizing the full potential of these applications requires increasing qubit numbers while simultaneously maintaining high-fidelity control, which has proved a major challenge across quantum platforms. To date, quantum science experiments have typically been operated with at most hundreds of qubits. In this thesis, we review the relevant physics of the optical tweezer array architecture and present the technical advances involved in scaling the platform to 6,100 atomic qubits. In tandem with scalability, we demonstrate robust vacuum design, state-of-the-art coherence times, and high single-qubit gate fidelities. To capitalize on the intrinsic connectivity of the architecture at large scale, we investigate long-distance coherent atom transport and briefly describe progress towards two-qubit gate implementation. Finally, we discuss the prospects for scaling the optical tweezer array platform further by an order of magnitude.

The realization of large-scale fully controllable quantum systems is an exciting frontier in modern physical science. We use atom-by-atom assembly to implement a novel platform for the deterministic preparation of regular arrays of individually controlled cold atoms. In our approach, a measurement and feedback procedure eliminates the entropy associated with probabilistic trap occupation and results in defect-free arrays of over 50 atoms in less than 400 ms. The technique is based on fast, real-time control of 100 optical tweezers, which we use to arrange atoms in desired geometric patterns and to maintain these configurations by replacing lost atoms with surplus atoms from a reservoir. This bottom-up approach enables controlled engineering of scalable many-body systems for quantum information processing, quantum simulations, and precision measurements.