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arXiv:1607.03042 · Science

An atom-by-atom assembler of defect-free arbitrary two-dimensional atomic arrays

Daniel Barredo, Sylvain de Léséleuc, Vincent Lienhard, Thierry Lahaye, Antoine Browaeys

Published Nov 4, 2016• 866 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Large arrays of individually controlled atoms trapped in optical tweezers are a very promising platform for quantum engineering applications. However, deterministic loading of the traps is experimentally challenging. We demonstrate the preparation of fully loaded two-dimensional arrays of up to ~50 microtraps, each containing a single atom and arranged in arbitrary geometries. Starting from initially larger, half-filled matrices of randomly loaded traps, we obtain user-defined target arrays at unit filling. This is achieved with a real-time control system and a moving optical tweezers, which together enable a sequence of rapid atom moves depending on the initial distribution of the atoms in the arrays. These results open exciting prospects for quantum engineering with neutral atoms in tunable two-dimensional geometries.

DOI
10.1126/science.aah3778

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Large arrays of individually controlled atoms trapped in optical tweezers are a very promising platform for quantum engineering applications. However, deterministic loading of the traps is experimentally challenging. We demonstrate the preparation of fully loaded two-dimensional arrays of up to ~50 microtraps, each containing a single atom and arranged in arbitrary geometries. Starting from initially larger, half-filled matrices of randomly loaded traps, we obtain user-defined target arrays at unit filling. This is achieved with a real-time control system and a moving optical tweezers, which together enable a sequence of rapid atom moves depending on the initial distribution of the atoms in the arrays. These results open exciting prospects for quantum engineering with neutral atoms in tunable two-dimensional geometries.
Abstract A great challenge in current quantum science and technology research is to realize artificial systems of a large number of individually controlled quantum bits for applications in quantum computing and quantum simulation. Many experimental platforms are being explored, including solid-state systems, such as superconducting circuits1 or quantum dots2, and atomic, molecular and optical systems, such as photons, trapped ions or neutral atoms3–7. The latter offer inherently identical qubits that are well decoupled from the environment and could provide synthetic structures scalable to hundreds of qubits or more8. Quantum-gas microscopes9 allow the realization of two-dimensional regular lattices of hundreds of atoms, and large, fully loaded arrays of about 50 microtraps (or ‘optical tweezers’) with individual control are already available in one10 and two11 dimensions. Ultimately, however, accessing the third dimension while keeping single-atom control will be required, both for scaling to large numbers and for extending the range of models amenable to quantum simulation. Here we report the assembly of defect-free, arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional arrays, containing up to 72 single atoms. We use holographic methods and fast, programmable moving tweezers to arrange—atom by atom and plane by plane—initially disordered arrays into target structures of almost any geometry. These results present the prospect of quantum simulation with tens of qubits arbitrarily arranged in space and show that realizing systems of hundreds of individually controlled qubits is within reach using current technology.
The realization of large-scale fully controllable quantum systems is an exciting frontier in modern physical science. We use atom-by-atom assembly to implement a platform for the deterministic preparation of regular one-dimensional arrays of individually controlled cold atoms. In our approach, a measurement and feedback procedure eliminates the entropy associated with probabilistic trap occupation and results in defect-free arrays of more than 50 atoms in less than 400 milliseconds. The technique is based on fast, real-time control of 100 optical tweezers, which we use to arrange atoms in desired geometric patterns and to maintain these configurations by replacing lost atoms with surplus atoms from a reservoir. This bottom-up approach may enable controlled engineering of scalable many-body systems for quantum information processing, quantum simulations, and precision measurements.
Low-entropy arrays of atomic quantum systems in optical tweezers offer unique prospects for fundamental research on few- and many-body systems as well as for extended applications in quantum technology. The significance of this approach relies on the achievable system size, its uniformity, and the rate of qubit allocation. We propel the neutral-atom quantum-technology platform by the rapid assembly of a regular two-dimensional quantum register of up to 1024 atomic qubits, enabled by a novel implementation of intensity-homogenized tweezer arrays and parallelized atom transport. Our highly efficient microoptical architecture modularizes intensity equalization and tweezer patterning in separate functional units, eliminating restrictions that arise for high-power, high-resolution, and large-scale light-field control within a single device. Arrays of precise grid structure, trap depth, and vibrational frequency with more than 3500 sites are demonstrated. Individual sites are interconnected by up to 50 parallelized transport tweezers with intensity and position control in real-time for swift qubit relocation. Multi-tweezer transport enables the operation of target patterns of up to 32 x 32 sites with sustained near-unity filling fraction. These results boost neutral-atom quantum information science above the kiloqubit level.
The realization of large-scale fully controllable quantum systems is an exciting frontier in modern physical science. We use atom-by-atom assembly to implement a novel platform for the deterministic preparation of regular arrays of individually controlled cold atoms. In our approach, a measurement and feedback procedure eliminates the entropy associated with probabilistic trap occupation and results in defect-free arrays of over 50 atoms in less than 400 ms. The technique is based on fast, real-time control of 100 optical tweezers, which we use to arrange atoms in desired geometric patterns and to maintain these configurations by replacing lost atoms with surplus atoms from a reservoir. This bottom-up approach enables controlled engineering of scalable many-body systems for quantum information processing, quantum simulations, and precision measurements.
Optically trapped mixed-species single atom arrays with arbitrary geometry are an attractive and promising platform for various applications, because tunable quantum systems with multiple components provide extra degrees of freedom for experimental control. Here, we report the first demonstration of two-dimensional 6×4 dual-species atom assembly of ^{85}Rb (^{87}Rb) atoms with a filling fraction of 0.88 (0.89). This mixed-species atomic synthesis is achieved via rearranging initially randomly distributed atoms by a sorting algorithm (heuristic heteronuclear algorithm) which is designed for bottom-up atom assembly with both user-defined geometries and two-species atom number ratios. Our fully tunable hybrid-atom systems with scalable advantages are a good starting point for high-fidelity quantum logic, many-body quantum simulation, and single molecule array formation.