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arXiv:2607.04021

Detection methods for optimal target reflectivity estimation with two-mode squeezed vacuum probes

Harel Radia, Tuvia Gefen, Nadav Katz

quant-phSubmitted Jul 4, 2026• Announced Jul 7, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Target reflectivity estimation using a two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) probe offers a theoretical advantage over classical schemes, but realizing this potential under the measurement constraints of microwave platforms remains a central challenge. In this work, we study the precision limits for target reflectivity estimation across different energy and loss regimes, while accounting for realistic measurement restrictions. We characterize the optimal measurements and identify a transition in their structure: above a specific reflectivity threshold, a parametric amplifier receiver is optimal, whereas below it, the optimal observables are two-mode squeezing generators. We then study the performance of Gaussian measurements. When restricted to standard local homodyne detection, the TMSV probe is highly non-optimal. However, we show that suitable non-local Gaussian measurements can closely approach the quantum Cramér-Rao bound at the large noise limit. These results demonstrate that near-optimal quantum target reflectivity estimation is achievable in various relevant noisy regimes, even under the restriction of Gaussian measurements.

Comments
20 pages, 9 figures

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Target reflectivity estimation using a two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) probe offers a theoretical advantage over classical schemes, but realizing this potential under the measurement constraints of microwave platforms remains a central challenge. In this work, we study the precision limits for target reflectivity estimation across different energy and loss regimes, while accounting for realistic measurement restrictions. We characterize the optimal measurements and identify a transition in their structure: above a specific reflectivity threshold, a parametric amplifier receiver is optimal, whereas below it, the optimal observables are two-mode squeezing generators. We then study the performance of Gaussian measurements. When restricted to standard local homodyne detection, the TMSV probe is highly non-optimal. However, we show that suitable non-local Gaussian measurements can closely approach the quantum Cramér-Rao bound at the large noise limit. These results demonstrate that near-optimal quantum target reflectivity estimation is achievable in various relevant noisy regimes, even under the restriction of Gaussian measurements.
We consider the problem of estimating unknown transmittanceθ\thetaθof a target bathed in thermal background light. As quantum estimation theory yields the fundamental limits, we employ the lossy thermal-noise bosonic channel model, which describes sensor-target interaction quantum mechanically in many practical active-illumination systems (e.g., using emissions at optical, microwave, or radio frequencies). We prove that quantum illumination using two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) states asymptotically achieves minimal quantum Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) over all quantum states (not necessarily Gaussian) in the limit of low transmitted power. We characterize the optimal receiver structure for TMSV input, and show its advantage over other receivers using both analysis and Monte Carlo simulation.
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Quantum covert target sensing aims to detect low-reflectivity targets embedded in the thermal environment while avoiding discovery by an adversary. This covertness requirement constrains the admissible probe energy, thereby imposing a trade-off between covertness and sensing performance. However, how this resource constraint determines the ultimate estimation precision of the target parameter remains largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we establish a unified framework connecting covert target discrimination with quantum-enhanced parameter estimation. We first present perturbative εεε-covertness-induced bounds on the probe energy, which yield an admissible energy window narrowing as O(ε/M)\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{ε/M})O(ε/M​). Moreover, we introduce the covertness-constrained quantum Fisher information (CCQFI) to quantify the ultimate precision of target-reflectivity estimation and assess its attainability with specific measurements. For Gaussian-distributed coherent-state (GCS) and two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) probes, their CCQFIs scale as O(ε)\mathcal{O}(ε)O(ε) and O(M)+O(εM)+O(ε)\mathcal{O}(M)+\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{εM})+\mathcal{O}(ε)O(M)+O(εM​)+O(ε), respectively. In particular, in the strong covertness regime ε→0ε\to0ε→0, the GCS CCQFI vanishes, whereas the TMSV retains a finite O(M)\mathcal{O}(M)O(M) contribution exhibiting a pronounced metrological advantage. Besides, photon counting saturates the GCS CCQFI, whereas homodyne detection achieves a higher attainability for the TMSV probe. Our work identifies covertness as a quantitative resource constraint governing the metrological limits of quantum target sensing.
We consider the problem of estimating unknown loss η overnnnuses of single-mode lossy thermal noise bosonic channel under an average photon number constraint per mode. We prove that a product ofnnntwo-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) states achieves minimal quantum Cramér-Rao bound (QCRB) over Gaussian quantum states in this scenario, and characterize the optimal receiver structure. We show that TMSV minimizes QCRB over all quantum states in the limit of low input photon number. Finally, we compare the performance of our optimal receiver for TMSV to other receivers.
We propose observable bounds for Gaussian illumination to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, which minimizes the discrimination error between the presence and absence of a low-reflectivity target using Gaussian states. The observable bounds are achieved with mode-by-mode measurements. In the quantum regime using a two-mode squeezed vacuum state, our observable receiver outperforms the other feasible receivers whereas it cannot approach the quantum Chernoff bound. The corresponding observable cannot be implemented with heterodyne detections due to the additional vacuum noise. In the classical regime using a thermal state, a receiver implemented with a photon number difference measurement approaches its bound regardless of the signal mean photon number, while it asymptotically approaches the classical bound in the limit of a huge idler mean photon number.
Abstract We discuss the ultimate precision bounds on the multiparameter estimation of single- and two-mode pure Gaussian states. By leveraging on previous approaches that focused on the estimation of a complex displacement only, we derive the Holevo Cramér–Rao bound (HCRB) for both displacement and squeezing parameter characterizing single and two-mode squeezed states. In the single-mode scenario, we obtain an analytical bound and find that it degrades monotonically as the squeezing increases. Furthermore, we prove that heterodyne detection is nearly optimal in the large squeezing limit, but in general the optimal measurement must include non-Gaussian resources. On the other hand, in the two-mode setting, the HCRB improves as the squeezing parameter grows and we show that it can be attained using double-homodyne detection.