Artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum information (QI) are rapidly co-evolving. AI is becoming a practical tool for learning, designing, controlling, and verifying quantum systems, while QI offers new computational models, representational structures, and learning-theoretic questions for AI. This survey reviews the interface from both directions. In the AI for QI direction, we organize recent progress around the central tasks of extracting information from limited measurements, training and discovering quantum algorithms, stabilizing noisy hardware, automating experimental and programming workflows, and extending learning-based methods to sensing and networking. In the QI for AI direction, we examine how quantum computation and quantum-inspired structures affect learning through algorithmic speedups, expressivity, trainability, generalization, neural-network design, and tensor-network representations. We close by identifying cross-cutting challenges in reproducibility, scalability, hardware realism, and co-design, arguing that progress will depend on tighter integration of theory, experiment, and hybrid quantum--classical systems.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum information (QI) are rapidly co-evolving. AI is becoming a practical tool for learning, designing, controlling, and verifying quantum systems, while QI offers new computational models, representational structures, and learning-theoretic questions for AI. This survey reviews the interface from both directions. In the AI for QI direction, we organize recent progress around the central tasks of extracting information from limited measurements, training and discovering quantum algorithms, stabilizing noisy hardware, automating experimental and programming workflows, and extending learning-based methods to sensing and networking. In the QI for AI direction, we examine how quantum computation and quantum-inspired structures affect learning through algorithmic speedups, expressivity, trainability, generalization, neural-network design, and tensor-network representations. We close by identifying cross-cutting challenges in reproducibility, scalability, hardware realism, and co-design, arguing that progress will depend on tighter integration of theory, experiment, and hybrid quantum--classical systems.
The field of Quantum Artificial Intelligence (Quantum AI) has emerged as a promising interdisciplinary research area where the computational power of quantum computing is merged with the learning and decision-making power of AI. The application of quantum principles such as superposition, entanglement and quantum interference to machine learning algorithms has created new possibilities for solving problems that may be difficult to solve by classical machines. In the last few years, advances in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices have helped to speed advances in Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms, Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVMs), Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) and hybrid learning algorithms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the research in the field of Quantum AI from 2020 to 2026, covering the key concepts, novel architectures, algorithmic advancements, and practical applications. A critical assessment of the application of Quantum AI in fields such as healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, scientific computing and optimization problems is provided, and the benefits of quantum-enhanced learning models are discussed. In addition, common difficulties such as quantum hardware limitations, sensitivity to noise, encoding of data, scalability constraints and a lack of speed in training variational quantum circuits are discussed. The review also covers new avenues of research, including trustworthy quantum machine learning, explainable Quantum AI, quantum federated learning, and fault-tolerant quantum computing. The results suggest while practical large-scale deployment is currently limited by existing hardware capabilities, hybrid quantum-classical systems have great potential to rapidly move intelligent data processing and develop next-generation AI systems.
Objective: To synthesize the state of the art on how quantum computing (QC) and artificial intelligence (AI) intersect, including algorithmic foundations, software/hardware stacks, empirical evidence of advantage, applications, and open challenges. Methods: We executed a structured search (2019 – 20th August 2025) across major journals (Nature portfolio, APS/PR, Elsevier), arXiv, and official framework documentation (Qiskit, Cirq/TFQ, PennyLane; AWS Braket; NVIDIA CUDA-Q). We included peer‑reviewed studies, comprehensive surveys, and official docs; we excluded opinion pieces and non-reproducible claims. Results: The field converges on hybrid quantum‑classical workflows with two dominant AI families: (i) quantum kernel methods and (ii) variational circuits/QNNs. Trainability remains a core challenge (barren plateaus and noise), with mitigation strategies advancing (local costs, layerwise training, engineered dissipation, learned decoders). Frameworks and cloud orchestrators now support end‑to‑end hybrid training. Empirical “utility” demonstrations in physics‑inspired tasks exist, while domain‑level advantage in mainstream ML is unproven and data‑dependent. Conclusions: QC‑AI integration is maturing into reproducible hybrid stacks. Near‑term value lies in quantum kernels with tailored feature maps, physics‑regularized QNNs, simulator‑accelerated pipelines, and AI‑for‑QC (calibration/decoding). Broad ML advantage awaits lower‑noise hardware and quantum‑friendly data embeddings.
Quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI) are two rapidly evolving technologies poised to redefine the future of computation and decision-making.The two fields unite under the name Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) or Quantum Intelligence, which enables a transformative approach to problem-solving through the fusion of AI mental functions with quantum computing capabilities.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current landscape, highlighting the opportunities and challenges in integrating quantum computing with AI systems.The research investigates current developments in quantum machine learning, quantum neural networks, and hybrid quantum-classical systems, which show promise for achieving rapid performance improvements and enhanced scalability and data processing capabilities.At the same time, it identifies critical barriers, including hardware limitations, algorithmic complexity, data encoding issues, and the lack of standardization in frameworks.The review further explores future directions, including the role of explainable AI, error correction, and interdisciplinary research in achieving practical quantum-AI synergy.By analyzing both the technological potential and the practical constraints, this paper aims to outline a roadmap for advancing quantum intelligence as a transformative force in next-generation computational paradigms.
Quantum Artificial Intelligence (Quantum AI) embodies the integration of quantum computational paradigms with artificial intelligence frameworks to address the computational intractability and scalability constraints inherent in classical AI systems. By leveraging quantum mechanical properties such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference, Quantum AI enables enhanced representation learning, accelerated optimization, and improved probabilistic inference in high-dimensional problem spaces. In parallel, deep-tech innovations—including advanced deep learning architectures, neuromorphic computing, and edge-based intelligent processing—are redefining the architectural foundations of next- generation intelligent systems through energy-efficient, adaptive, and real-time computation. This paper presents a technically rigorous and comprehensive review of Quantum AI and deep-tech innovations, focusing on algorithmic formulations, architectural models, and system-level integration strategies. Core methodologies such as quantum machine learning algorithms, parameterized quantum circuits, variational quantum algorithms, and hybrid quantum–classical optimization frameworks are critically analysed with respect to computational complexity, repressibility, and feasibility on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware. Additionally, the role of neuromorphic computing in enabling spiking neural architectures and event-driven processing is examined as a complementary paradigm to quantum-enhanced learning models, particularly for low-power and latency-critical applications. The paper further investigates application- driven deployments of Quantum AI across domains including medical diagnostics, cryptographic security, autonomous decision-making, and smart cyber-physical systems, highlighting performance trade-offs and implementation constraints. Key challenges such as quantum noise, decoherence, data encoding bottlenecks, limited qubit connectivity, and ethical governance are systematically discussed. Finally, future research directions are identified, emphasizing fault-tolerant quantum learning architectures, scalable hybrid integration with deep-tech systems, and co-design methodologies for realizing practical next-generation intelligence platforms.
Quantum information technologies, on the one hand, and intelligent learning systems, on the other, are both emergent technologies that are likely to have a transformative impact on our society in the future. The respective underlying fields of basic research-quantum information versus machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI)-have their own specific questions and challenges, which have hitherto been investigated largely independently. However, in a growing body of recent work, researchers have been probing the question of the extent to which these fields can indeed learn and benefit from each other. Quantum ML explores the interaction between quantum computing and ML, investigating how results and techniques from one field can be used to solve the problems of the other. Recently we have witnessed significant breakthroughs in both directions of influence. For instance, quantum computing is finding a vital application in providing speed-ups for ML problems, critical in our 'big data' world. Conversely, ML already permeates many cutting-edge technologies and may become instrumental in advanced quantum technologies. Aside from quantum speed-up in data analysis, or classical ML optimization used in quantum experiments, quantum enhancements have also been (theoretically) demonstrated for interactive learning tasks, highlighting the potential of quantum-enhanced learning agents. Finally, works exploring the use of AI for the very design of quantum experiments and for performing parts of genuine research autonomously, have reported their first successes. Beyond the topics of mutual enhancement-exploring what ML/AI can do for quantum physics and vice versa-researchers have also broached the fundamental issue of quantum generalizations of learning and AI concepts. This deals with questions of the very meaning of learning and intelligence in a world that is fully described by quantum mechanics. In this review, we describe the main ideas, recent developments and progress in a broad spectrum of research investigating ML and AI in the quantum domain.
Quantum Information Systems (QIS) have emerged as a transformative paradigm, integrating the principles of quantum mechanics with advanced computational and communication technologies to address complex problems beyond the capabilities of classical systems. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current developments, beginning with the foundational principles that define QIS, including its theoretical underpinnings, quantum state representations, and computational frameworks. It then examines advances in quantum computing for QIS, with a focus on hardware architectures, the design and optimization of core algorithms, and the computational advantages over classical approaches. The discussion extends to quantum machine learning for QIS, exploring hybrid quantum–classical learning models, quantum data encoding techniques, and optimization strategies. Finally, it surveys diverse application domains, such as finance, industrial information integration, energy systems, healthcare, and intelligent transportation. In addition, the paper highlights pressing technological, data-centric, algorithmic, and ecosystem-level challenges, and discusses future trajectories shaped by innovations such as quantum blockchain, quantum artificial intelligence, and decentralized QIS. Through a structured and integrative analysis, this work aims to provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners navigating the rapidly evolving QIS landscape.