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arXiv:2606.01439

Chirality-free photon routing via giant atoms in waveguide QED ladders

Glenn Ochsner, Vincent Schena, Arushi Deb, Imran M. Mirza

quant-phSubmitted May 31, 2026• Announced Jun 2, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

In this paper, we present an in-depth examination of single-photon routing in a multi-emitter waveguide quantum electrodynamics ladder with up to five giant atoms simultaneously coupled across two linear waveguides. Using a real-space approach, we analyze a non-chiral routing architecture and evaluate the impact of scaling the number of giant atoms in three topologically distinct configurations: fully separated, simply braided, and fully nested. Using numerical results, we show that increasing the number of giant atoms, in separate or braided configurations, greatly expands the operational parameter space for near-deterministic ($\sim$100%) photon routing into the target waveguide, achieving directionality through quantum interference alone. In contrast, the nested architecture is limited to a maximum routing efficiency of 25% due to rigid geometric symmetries, although this limitation could be mitigated by employing less symmetric coupling distances. Finally, we assess the system under direct interatomic interactions and environmental dissipation. Our results show that, while spontaneous emission reduces transport probabilities, the multi-atom-separated configuration maintains high routing efficiencies across broad operational windows of incoming photon frequency without requiring chiral coupling.

Comments
13 pages, 11 figures

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We study the problem of two-photon routing in waveguide QED ladders where a few two-level quantum emitters (QEs) are simultaneously coupled with two chiral waveguides. We analyze the routing probability in two regimes, namely, under a purely plane wave approximation (scattering case) and in the presence of photon-photon bound state formation. Within the scattering case, we examine the two-photon routing in the presence of up to five QEs, considering two possibilities separately: ideal-symmetric coupling and the critical coupling scenario. We examine the photon routing up to the two QEs for the bound state situation and compare the photon redirection efficiency with the corresponding scattering case. Our findings show the potential of utilizing chiral light-matter interactions in multi-photon and multi-emitter-based quantum networking protocols where interlinking among spatially distant nodes is required.
We propose a frequency-controllable single-photon router in a giant atom waveguide QED system, in which two linear waveguides are mediately by two coupled giant atoms. Since each giant atom has two coupling points, a pair of giant atoms can be arranged as three different topologies: separated, braided, and nested. The exact analytical expressions of the four scattering amplitudes for the three different topologies are obtained with the real-space approach. We find that the deterministic routing scheme is strongly relevant to the energy and the decay rates of the collective states of the two coupled giant atoms. In particular, only if the two scattering states degenerate in energy and decay rates, the frequency-tunable router with 100% efficiency can be achieved in the three different topologies. Moreover, our numerical results show that the single-photon routing scheme in the current model is more tunable and robust than that in the normal atom waveguide QED system. The physics behind the complete routing scheme is also illuminated. Our results pave the way for the study of controllable single-photon router devices involving giant atoms.
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In recent years, photon routing has garnered considerable research activity due to its key applications in quantum networking and optical communications. This paper studies the single photon routing scheme in many-emitter disordered chiral waveguide quantum electrodynamics (wQED) ladders. The wQED ladder consists of two one-dimensional lossless waveguides simultaneously and chirally coupled with a chain of dipole-dipole interacting two-level quantum emitters (QEs). In particular, we analyze how a departure from the periodic placement of the QEs due to temperature-induced position disorder can impact the routing probability. This involves analyzing how the interplay between the collective atomic effects originating from the dipole-dipole interaction and disorder in the atomic location leading to single-photon localization can change the routing probabilities. As for some key results, we find that the routing probability exhibits a considerable improvement (more than 90%90{\% }90% value) for periodic and disordered wQED ladders when considering lattices consisting of twenty QEs. This robustness of collective effects against spontaneous emission loss and weak disorders is further confirmed by examining the routing efficiency and localization length for up to twenty QE chains. These results may find applications in quantum networking and distributed quantum computing under the realistic conditions of imperfect emitter trappings.
Combining decoherence protection with directional photon emission in a single waveguide quantum electrodynamics (QED) device remains an open challenge. Here we show that an artificial giant molecule -- strongly interacting artificial atoms coupled to a photonic waveguide at multiple spatially separated points -- achieves both: a fully operational decoherence-free (DF) qubit and state-dependent chiral single-photon emission, arising from the same photon-interference mechanism. Initialization reduces to a local excitation of a single atom, universal single-qubit gates are implemented by modulating a single atomic frequency, and readout exploits state-dependent chiral emission with directionality reaching 100% and low measurement error of 1.2%. The coexistence of decoherence protection and directional emission in a single device positions giant molecules as protected chiral nodes for modular quantum networks in waveguide QED.
This work is to investigate the single-photon scattering in a waveguide quantum electrodynamics system consisting of two dipole-coupled giant atoms, each interacting with a separate one-dimensional infinite waveguide at two distinct coupling points. Our primary objective is to establish a theoretical framework for manipulating photon propagation paths via quantum interference induced by multiple coupling points and local phase engineering. Unlike traditional chiral coupling schemes, an innovative method, in which the coupling phases are designed locally at each atom-waveguide interface, is used to achieve effective chiral coupling, thereby introducing novel quantum interference mechanisms. Using a real-space approach, we derive analytical expressions for four-port scattering amplitudes. We establish the conditions for achieving perfect directional routing to any output port and demonstrate the coherent control mechanisms implemented by geometric and local coupled phases. Continuous frequency tunability is primarily achieved through dipole-dipole interaction, and finely tuned through the accumulated phase and local coupling phases. Local phase differences precisely regulate port-specific probability distributions within the waveguides while preserving total routing efficiency. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanisms of nonreciprocal transport and chiral scattering. The analysis reveals different governing principles: perfect nonreciprocity arises from the interplay of the accumulated phase, local coupling phases, photon-atom detuning, and dipole-dipole interaction. In contrast, perfect chiral scattering depends entirely on the accumulated phase and local coupling phases, and is independent of detuning. Notably, under the phase-matching conditions, the system achieves both perfect chiral and directional routing, and realizes frequency-selective path-asymmetric photon control. These findings provide a comprehensive framework for manipulating quantum interference in multi-atom waveguide systems, highlighting applications in quantum information processing, including tunable single-photon routers, isolators, and chiral quantum nodes. By implementing superconducting circuits, the local phase can be dynamically adjusted, thus proving the feasibility of the experiment.