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arXiv:2605.22628

Ising surface defects can get dirty

António Antunes, Apratim Kaviraj, Baishali Roy

Published May 21, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Real critical systems, such as uniaxial ferromagnets in the 3d Ising universality class, are constrained by boundaries and subject to random couplings. We consider the Wilson-Fisher fixed point in $4-ε$ dimensions subject to a random magnetic field localized on a two-dimensional surface, which becomes co-dimension 1 in the physical $ε\to1$ limit. Using the replica method for the disordered field, we find that the ordinary boundary condition is stable under disorder but also discover a non-trivial ``dirty" boundary condition which can be reached by tuning the disorder strength or the local temperature. We also investigate the logarithmic structure of the defect spectrum and how it emerges via the replica formalism.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2605.22628

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Real critical systems, such as uniaxial ferromagnets in the 3d Ising universality class, are constrained by boundaries and subject to random couplings. We consider the Wilson-Fisher fixed point in 4−ε4-ε4−ε dimensions subject to a random magnetic field localized on a two-dimensional surface, which becomes co-dimension 1 in the physical ε→1ε\to1ε→1 limit. Using the replica method for the disordered field, we find that the ordinary boundary condition is stable under disorder but also discover a non-trivial ``dirty" boundary condition which can be reached by tuning the disorder strength or the local temperature. We also investigate the logarithmic structure of the defect spectrum and how it emerges via the replica formalism.
The authors consider m two-dimensional semi-infinite planes of Ising spins joined together through surface spins and study the critical behaviour near to the junction. The m=0 limit of the model-according to the replica trick-corresponds to the semi-infinite Ising model in the presence of a random surface field (RSFI). Using conformal mapping, second-order perturbation expansion around the weak- and strong-coupled planes limits and a differential renormalization group, they show that the surface critical behaviour of the RSFI model is described by Ising critical exponents with logarithmic corrections to scaling, while at multiple junctions (m>2) the transition is of first-order. There is a spontaneous junction magnetization at the bulk critical point.
We study the critical properties of the weakly disordered p-component random Heisenberg ferromagnet. It is shown that if the specific-heat critical exponent of the pure system is positive, the traditional renormalization group (RG) flows at dimensions D=4- epsilon , which are usually considered as describing the disorder-induced universal critical behaviour, are unstable with respect to replica-symmetry breaking (RSB) potentials such as those found in spin glasses. It is demonstrated that the RG flows involving RSB potentials lead to fixed points which have a structure known as the one-step RSB, and there exists a whole spectrum of such fixed points. It is argued that spontaneous RSB can occur due to the interactions of the fluctuating fields with the local non-perturbative degrees of freedom coming from the multiple local minima solutions of the mean-field equations. However, it is not clear whether or not RSB occurs for infinitesimally weak disorder. Physical consequences of these conclusions are discussed.
We study the critical properties of the weakly disordered p-component random Heisenberg ferromagnet. It is shown that if the specific-heat critical exponent of the pure system is positive, the traditional renormalization group (RG) flows at dimensions D=4-ε, which are usually considered as describing the disorder-induced universal critical behaviour, are unstable with respect to replica-symmetry breaking (RSB) potentials such as those found in spin glasses. It is demonstrated that the RG flows involving RSB potentials lead to fixed points which have a structure known as the one-step RSB, and there exists a whole spectrum of such fixed points. It is argued that spontaneous RSB can occur due to the interactions of the fluctuating fields with the local non-perturbative degrees of freedom coming from the multiple local minima solutions of the mean-field equations. However, it is not clear whether or not RSB occurs for infinitesimally weak disorder. Physical consequences of these conclusions are discussed.
Continuous phase transitions exhibit richer critical phenomena on the surface than in the bulk, because distinct surface universality classes can be realized at the same bulk critical point by tuning the surface interactions. The exploration of surface critical behavior provides a window looking into higher-dimensional boundary conformal field theories. In this work, we study the surface critical behavior of a two-dimensional (2D) quantum critical Heisenberg model by tuning the surface coupling strength, and discover a direct special transition on the surface from the ordinary phase into an extraordinary phase. The extraordinary phase has a long-range antiferromagnetic order on the surface, in sharp contrast to the logarithmic decaying spin correlations in the 3D classical O(3) model. The special transition point has a new set of critical exponents, y_{s}=0.86(4) y s = 0.86 ( 4 ) and \eta_{\parallel}=-0.33(1) η ∥ = − 0.33 ( 1 ) , which are distinct from the special transition of the classical O(3) model and indicate a new surface universality class of the 3D O(3) Wilson-Fisher theory.
The fixed-point structure of three-dimensional bond-disordered Ising models is investigated using the numerical domain-wall renormalization-group method. It is found that, in the +/-J Ising model, there exists a non-trivial fixed point along the phase boundary between the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. The fixed-point Hamiltonian of the +/-J model numerically coincides with that of the unfrustrated random Ising models, strongly suggesting that both belong to the same universality class. Another fixed point corresponding to the multicritical point is also found in the +/-J model. Critical properties associated with the fixed point are qualitatively consistent with theoretical predictions.