On noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, expectation values of many observables are obtained through sampling-based approximations to trace-like quantities. A central limitation of this approach is destructive cancellation under near-uniform ensembles, which can render physically relevant signals effectively unresolvable. Here we show that this limitation is not simply statistical, but reflects a structural mismatch between ensemble weights and the operator-dependent sign structure of the measured correlator. We introduce a general framework for mitigating this effect through quantum ensemble engineering, in which the sampling distribution is encoded directly in the prepared quantum state. By reformulating correlators in a basis-resolved representation, we make the origin of cancellation explicit and derive strategies for aligning ensemble weights with operator structure. We realize this approach using two complementary circuit constructions: a Grover-type amplitude amplification protocol that provides a structure-aligned benchmark, and an oracle-free shallow circuit designed for near-term hardware constraints. Using the infinite-temperature correlation function as a representative setting, we combine noiseless numerical simulations with demonstrations on IBM Quantum hardware using circuits with up to 20 qubits, showing that engineered ensembles expose operator-resolved contributions that are strongly suppressed under uniform averaging. We identify a practical tradeoff between amplification strength and noise robustness, extend the framework to multi-qubit diagonal observables, and outline a path toward non-diagonal generalizations. These results position ensemble engineering as a new tool for improving measurement efficiency in near-term quantum algorithms.
On noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, expectation values of many observables are obtained through sampling-based approximations to trace-like quantities. A central limitation of this approach is destructive cancellation under near-uniform ensembles, which can render physically relevant signals effectively unresolvable. Here we show that this limitation is not simply statistical, but reflects a structural mismatch between ensemble weights and the operator-dependent sign structure of the measured correlator. We introduce a general framework for mitigating this effect through quantum ensemble engineering, in which the sampling distribution is encoded directly in the prepared quantum state. By reformulating correlators in a basis-resolved representation, we make the origin of cancellation explicit and derive strategies for aligning ensemble weights with operator structure. We realize this approach using two complementary circuit constructions: a Grover-type amplitude amplification protocol that provides a structure-aligned benchmark, and an oracle-free shallow circuit designed for near-term hardware constraints. Using the infinite-temperature correlation function as a representative setting, we combine noiseless numerical simulations with demonstrations on IBM Quantum hardware using circuits with up to 20 qubits, showing that engineered ensembles expose operator-resolved contributions that are strongly suppressed under uniform averaging. We identify a practical tradeoff between amplification strength and noise robustness, extend the framework to multi-qubit diagonal observables, and outline a path toward non-diagonal generalizations. These results position ensemble engineering as a new tool for improving measurement efficiency in near-term quantum algorithms.
The quantum formalism contains a structural discrepancy: the transition amplitude computes the interaction-specific relative phase between probe and target and its effect on coupling strength, while the post-interaction state description does not preserve it. A companion paper identified this discrepancy and argued that the measurement problem arises from mistaking the formalism’s predictive completeness for descriptive completeness at the level of individual events. The present paper develops the quantitative consequence. A minimal phenomenological model shows that, for an event-level conditional law of the stated phase-dependent form, uniform averaging over the interaction-relative phase recovers the Born rule exactly, while partial phase control narrows the outcome distribution according to a visibility-loss factor . Starting from the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian for a two-level system coupled to a single-mode field, we derive the event-level conditional probability , where is the phase-coupling strength — a quantity determined by the microscopic interaction parameters. The phase-coupling strength has two contributions. A pointer-overlap term, , arises from the finite separation of the measurement pointer states and decays exponentially with measurement strength . A persistent term, , arises from beyond-dispersive corrections to the Jaynes-Cummings dynamics. The standard treatment computes the rate of these transitions by squaring the matrix elements, eliminating the relative phase between qubit and field; the present framework retains the amplitude structure prior to ensemble reduction, predicting that the transitions are phase-correlated with the qubit-field relative phase. We propose a specific experiment: sweeping measurement strength while tracking phase-resolved outcome modulation in a circuit QED system. The standard treatment predicts the modulation amplitude decays to zero; the present framework predicts it saturates at a nonzero floor. Because a small phase-dependent bias can also arise from ordinary measurement non-diagonality, the decisive evidence is not the cosine modulation itself but its parameter dependence: the predicted amplitude must scale as across controlled changes in detuning, reverse under , and persist under recalibration. The experiment is feasible with current technology and would determine whether event-level phase structure persists through the measurement interaction or is genuinely absent from the outcome-producing physics.
Abstract We present a framework for preparing quantum ground states by structural projection rather than by deep-circuit Trotterized dynamical simulation. The method is grounded in a rigorous operator-algebraic formalization spanning 297 parts (the IQS/EQS corpus), from which we extract the complete derivation chain 𝐻_boundary → 𝐴_𝜇 → 𝑃_𝐻 → 𝐴_𝐻. We prove that the Host projector 𝑃_𝐻 = 𝑃_DFS^max acts as a native state-preparation oracle — a single projective step applied once, not a query oracle in the phase-kickback sense: assuming appropriate overlap, it projects any initial state |𝜓₀⟩ into the prescribed ground-state subspace with an 𝒪(1) execution depth on the quantum device.The body of this paper is confined to the framework and its theorems; the complete experimental record is given in the appendix. We validate the framework through 55 independent QPU executions on three IBM Heron-class processors (156 qubits, 𝑟2 revision): ibm_marrakesh, ibm_kingston and ibm_fez. Twenty-one of these form the Phase 3–6 programme, utilizing up to 76 actively measured qubits and achieving highly non-uniform output distributions in which the most probable outcome exceeds its uniform-distribution probability by factors of 3.44 × 10⁵ to 5.50 × 10⁶ at 50,000 shots; the remaining twenty-four test derived theorems directly against predictions computed and published before submission, including the oracle projection at 𝑁 = 6 to 12, where up to 82.1% of shots return an exact maximum cut of a frustrated graph against a uniform null of 4.88 × 10⁻⁴. We demonstrate cross-domain applicability by deploying custom Hamiltonians encoding molecular chemistry (H₂ electron correlation), integer factorization (cryptographic Ising reduction), and combinatorial optimization (MaxCut/portfolio) into the same oracle architecture, all executing at identical 𝒪(1) quantum circuit depth. We further extend the oracle to 𝑘-local Hamiltonians (𝑘 = 3, 4, 5) utilizing up to 153 actively measured qubits per execution, proving via conservation of the total magnetization 𝐴₁ = ∑ₓ 𝑍ₓ that the framework generalizes to a specific structured family of 𝑘-body interactions. Finally, we address the problem encoding question by formalizing the Compression Encoding Theorem, which provides the algebraic structure to map target problem families into the oracle (with classically-bounded construction complexity). We instantiate this construction across 6 representative encoded problem instances on live hardware. We are explicit about what this does not claim. The 𝒪(1) figure is the coherent execution depth alone, and the hardness of a target problem is confined rather than removed: to the classical synthesis of the Host isometry in the deterministic route, and to post-selection overhead in the measurement-conditioned one. The encoding theorem bounds that classical cost only on a class whose ground-state energy is computable in polynomial time, and a family whose ground-state energy is NP-hard to compute does not belong to it.These results establish that the quantum execution phase of ground-state preparation is achievable on current NISQ devices without variational optimization, Trotterization, or quantum error correction, provided the problem Hamiltonian is mapped through the decoherence-free-subspace projection framework defined herein.
Physical Sources, Finite Detectors, Persistent Records, and Actual Events This paper develops a unified account of quantum measurement under the Admissibility and Standing Constraint (AASC) framework, connecting constructed physical sources, quantum instruments, material amplification, finite record retention, event probabilities, and the actuality of measurement outcomes. The paper distinguishes three separate objects: a complete quantum instrument containing all outcome operations, including unresolved and failed outcomes; a material record carried by a physical system whose acquisition and retention can be analyzed; an actual history describing which occurrences belong to one original experimental run. A complete instrument and a persistent material record can be constructed without assuming that linear quantum dynamics alone selects one globally definite original-run history. Conversely, the admission of an actual event does not by itself determine its probability law or conditional quantum state. The physical construction contains two complementary measurement targets: a regulated interacting gauge–Higgs–fermion source with its full source Hamiltonian retained during finite receiver pulses; an explicitly parameterized six-mode cosine circuit with source and pump interfaces, losses, distinguishable outputs, a two-polarization intrinsic-spin receiver, and a finite energy-resolving thermal amplifier. The material-registration chain includes source-code loading, driven conversion, output registration, pump-displacement removal, transfer to an intrinsic material spin, finite Gibbs-collision amplification, endpoint reading, and quiet record retention. Electronic display labels, material flags, missed counts, dark displays, blanks, and unreadable outcomes remain distinct and are retained in the joint error ledger. The paper establishes: informative bounded receivers on an interacting quantum source; finite-pulse calibration with the complete source Hamiltonian retained; a complete monitored detector model; finite preparation and amplification bounds; coherent composition of instruments and records; adaptive record composition; local-instrument compatibility; calibrated affine probability uniqueness; sharp coherent calibration limits; sequential probability laws and compatible conditional states; explicit actual-history requirements. A finite Fourier residual certificate bounds the complete monitored detector instrument over its full 35.587ms interval by 0.063241 in restricted diamond norm. Exact interval arithmetic gives seeded amplifier endpoint fidelity greater than 0.9999235242 after 1,024 finite collisions, together with an explicit conditional survival bound for a subsequent 100ms quiet hold. The probability analysis shows that positivity, density-operator dependence, affinity under classical mixtures, and calibration fix the trace probability rule for the declared readout. Approximate sector calibration alone permits coherent deviations of order the square root of the calibration error; stronger linear bounds require additional structure. The paper’s central measurement-theoretic conclusion is deliberately separated from its successful detector construction. A complete instrument admits an exclusive-history completion, but linear quantum dynamics alone does not select one such history. Source-specific preparation, reader analysis, and a bounded counting-law completion supply the additional physical input required to select an actual history. The resulting framework substantially develops the material and probabilistic parts of quantum measurement while isolating apparatus errors, actual-history law, and event-selection assumptions as explicit obligations. The work does not claim to solve every interpretation of the measurement problem, derive a universal collapse law, establish unrestricted detector accuracy, or identify a finite calibration certificate with an experimental calibration. Principal contributions A unified source-to-detector account of quantum measurement. Constructed interacting quantum sources with finite receivers. Six-mode cosine-circuit detector realization. Material registration and finite amplification chain. Two-polarization intrinsic-spin receiver. Finite thermal collision and endpoint-reading model. Full-duration restricted diamond-norm detector bound. Interval-certified amplifier fidelity. Conditional quiet-hold survival bound. Retention of blanks, wrong, unreadable, and missed outcomes. Calibrated affine probability uniqueness. Sequential instruments and compatible conditional states. Explicit separation of complete instruments, material records, and actual histories. Source-specific conditions for actual-event selection. Complete physical error and assumption ledger.
A quantum ensemble contains preparation weights that are lost in its average density operator. We show how optimal decisions read these weights as a wave on projective state space. Varying the input prior sweeps a surface of fixed Born overlap through the ensemble; the resulting response propagates according to the geometry of pure states and reconstructs their distribution in every finite dimension. Conditional preparations can fix this wave through contact, selecting the ensemble at a steering boundary. Positive propagation gives exact biased-qubit solutions and explicit parent measurements for noisy channels. When measurement records are combined, their state directions are averaged and the wave acquires a source whose growth measures the lost discrimination advantage. Preparation, inference and noise can thus be understood as operations on the same recoverable distribution, linking quantum correlations to measurement resolution.
Conditional relational tomography of a nucleus Coupling geometry, memory and coherence through reconfiguration Robert Kupski BKT–96–INT v2.1 Abstract Conditional relational tomography of a nucleus is formulated within the Law of One Mechanism (LOM) and the GTSFC–USC–GTCW framework.The study examines the connection between coupling organisation, stable spatial response, temporal memory and coherence read out after reconfiguration. A model of two coupled fields specifies a positive energy functional, dynamics, preparation and observation maps. Eliminating the environment determines static softening, the spatial response kernel and memory in the reduced description. With an additional stationary Gaussian preparation of the uniform mode, the same stiffness matrix determines the contrasts of two directional phase probes. The principal result is an exact, conditional space–memory–coherence relation obtained by eliminating the shared coupling from three types of readout. At dimensionless coupling g = 1, length scale L₀ = 1 fm, dimensionless fluctuation scale η = 0.2 and relative environmental mobility μ_env = 1, the common combination equals 1/4. The spatial response kernel has moments m₂ = 1 fm², m₄ = 16/3 fm⁴, m₆ = 72 fm⁶ and m₈ = 1792 fm⁸, while the ratio of logarithmic contrasts for the soft- and hard-direction probes equals 3. These are consequences of a specified realisation, without independent fitting of each characteristic. The amplitude description is supplemented by positive semidefinite Gram matrices and invariant loop phases, which contain information not determined by pairwise compatibility magnitudes alone. Operator bounds on the transfer error of selected observables under a transformation are derived, together with conditions for identifiability and propagation of joint covariance. Inhomogeneity, inertia and finite preparation time delimit the transfer of relations between readouts. ATLAS, STAR and ALICE results provide complementary research anchors with distinct selections, kinematic domains and measurement operators. A limited calibration to reconstructed ATLAS data reproduces the response trend but establishes neither predictive superiority over the nNNPDF reference nor memory and phase-preparation parameters. The contribution is a construction of testable constraints linking different manifestations of one coupling organisation. Model results remain distinct from empirical identification of the metafield and from establishing dynamics irreducible to quantum chromodynamics. Introduction Investigating nuclear structure involves both the spatial distribution of its response and the mechanisms governing the persistence of that response, its dependence on history and the correlations revealed in interaction products. A radius, a cross section, a relaxation time and an angular-distribution harmonic are different projections of the system under study. Their joint description becomes more restrictive than a collection of independent parametrisations when a specified coupling organisation connects their values through definite relations. The central problem of this work is precisely the possibility of connecting spatial response, memory and coherence in this way. Within LOM, the formation, admissibility and stabilisation of physical structures are hypothesised to arise from shared rules of relational–informational organisation. Structural information here denotes constraints, coupling directions, deformation costs and rules of admissible transformations, rather than an additional substance or merely a measure of experimental uncertainty. GTSFC describes shared coupling structures and their sectoral realisations; the Universal Structural Code (USC) organises conditions of compatibility, composition and tolerance. The metafield denotes a postulated layer of this organisation. In this hypothesis, particles and fields are considered its physical realisations, while valid results of quantum mechanics and field theory are retained. The cosmological scope of GTCW remains separate from the nuclear observables analysed here. The conceptual basis is the development of persistent relational-node descriptions in the BKT–37 programme and the distinction between reconfiguration, sector preservation and recovery of the full state in BKT–37–REK. BKT–74–QREC distinguishes retention of organisation from state recurrence and dynamical attraction, whereas BKT–94 connects a shared generator with cross-channel identifiability. BKT–96 applies these distinctions to nuclear response and interferometry, where geometric shape, relaxation history and phase relations have their own explicitly specified readout maps. The observational anchors come from studies of ultraperipheral nuclear interactions. ATLAS measurements constrain partonic-response contrast, geometric selection through neutron topologies and components of jet photoproduction. STAR and ALICE studies provide complementary amplitude, polarisation and diffraction constraints. In two-source interference, distinguishability of products such as positive and negative pions remains distinct from distinguishability of their production alternatives. The common object of description is therefore the complete process leading to a specified measurement outcome. “Conditional tomography” denotes reconstruction dependent on source, reaction, selection and detector models, rather than direct recovery of an arbitrary nuclear profile. The mathematical realisation is based on a positive functional of two coupled fields. Its second variation determines stiffness, while elimination of the environmental sector yields the spatial response operator. Once mobility is specified, the same elimination determines a memory kernel in the reduced dynamics. Positive spatial kernels admit a spectral representation connecting shape to a hierarchy of moments. With a shared Gaussian preparation of the uniform mode, stiffness also determines fluctuations read out by phase probes. Energy, the evolution law, preparation and probe sensitivity remain distinct but consistently specified components of this realisation. For the family with dimensionless local coefficients a = h = 2, coupling 0 ≤ g < 2 and gradient costs c = L₀²/4 and d = L₀²/2, the dimensionless quantity r = m₂/L₀² is defined by the second moment m₂ of the spatial response kernel and the fixed length scale L₀. The quantity ℛ = ln(γ_s)/ln(γ_h) is the ratio of logarithmic contrasts of unit soft- and hard-direction probes. M₀ and M₁ denote the zeroth and first memory-kernel moments in dimensionless time with unit mobility of the visible field; μ_env > 0 is the relative environmental mobility. Under stationary Gaussian preparation with a positive fluctuation scale, the derived relation is: (2r − 1)/[2(r + 1)] = [(ℛ − 1)/(ℛ + 1)]² = M₀/2 = μ_env M₁ = g²/4. This condition restricts the independent freedom of three types of readout. It identifies neither a spatial moment with memory nor phase contrast with an entanglement measure. At g = 1 and μ_env = 1, it gives r = 1, ℛ = 3, M₀ = 1/2 and M₁ = 1/4. Finite preparation time modifies contrasts according to the dynamics approaching the stationary distribution, while extensions with inertia can preserve statics despite a different response history. The three-way relation is therefore a result for a specified model class, not a universal identity for arbitrary nuclear processes. The general description of amplitude organisation uses a complex Gram matrix. Positive semidefiniteness ensures nonnegative probabilities for admissible amplitude combinations, while loop phases specify relations not determined by pairwise overlap magnitudes alone. This construction is broader than the particular Gaussian preparation used in the three-way relation. An operator description of a transformation, in turn, specifies preservation of selected observables and bounds on their transfer error without identifying such preservation with recovery of the entire quantum state. The research value of a shared model lies in predicting readouts not used to determine its parameters. The analysis therefore addresses not only existence of a solution but also parameter indistinguishability, uniqueness of predictions on calibration-equivalent sets and cross-channel covariances. ATLAS, STAR and ALICE results constrain different components of this problem; they do not automatically establish a single joint fit or identical parameters for different nuclei. The achievement is a computable realisation of the organisational hypothesis and a set of conditions for its independent testing. The predicted interdependence of responses has physical content even when its microscopic realisation remains consistent with quantum chromodynamics. Empirical identification of the metafield and conclusions about additional dynamics constitute separate levels of inference.
Correlations that do not admit a deterministic explanation are a central feature of quantum theory and a key resource for quantum information processing. Identifying and certifying such correlations, however, remains a fundamental challenge. In this work, we advance on this problem by considering deterministic correlations in the prepare-and-measure scenario consistent with a wide range of communication restrictions. To certify correlations incompatible with such deterministic models, we ask whether they admit a scenario in which measurement outcomes can be perfectly predicted by an adversary equipped with classical side-information. We show the usefulness of this approach and propose semidefinite programming relaxations tailored to three representative communication restrictions: fixed ensemble, bounded overlaps and restricted observables.