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arXiv:2605.02775

Axion electron-electron interaction in the RaOH molecule to search for Dark matter

Mikhail Reiter, Anna Zakharova

hep-phphysics.atom-phphysics.chem-phquant-phSubmitted May 4, 2026• Announced May 5, 2026
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Abstract

Axions are promising candidates for the role of Dark matter particles. In this paper, the question of the suitability of the RaOH molecule for the experimental detection of electron-electron interactions through the exchange of axions is studied. To take into account an impact of the rotations and vibrations a computation must be performed for a large number of molecular configurations. In this work we study this problem using a combination of the Generalized relativistic effective core potential and One-center restoration technique of the correct four-component spinors.

Comments
11 pages, 2 figures, 1 table

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Axions are promising candidates for the role of Dark matter particles. In this paper, the question of the suitability of the RaOH molecule for the experimental detection of electron-electron interactions through the exchange of axions is studied. To take into account an impact of the rotations and vibrations a computation must be performed for a large number of molecular configurations. In this work we study this problem using a combination of the Generalized relativistic effective core potential and One-center restoration technique of the correct four-component spinors.
We develop the theoretical model that describes dynamic non-equilibrium effects of external inertial and axion fields in a system of particles with spin. The possibility of using the spin density and the current density of non-relativistic quantum particle systems for the detection of the hypothetical axion-like dark matter is discussed. The resulting closed system of dynamic equations encompasses the continuity equation, the momentum balance equation, and the spin density evolution equation, accounting for the influence of the spin-rotation coupling and the external axion fields. The new formalism opens up new perspectives for an experimental search of dark matter axions.
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New interactions mediated by novel particles propose solutions to several important questions in modern physics. Axions serve as examples of such particles; they are lightweight and interact weakly with ordinary matter. This category of particles, including those similar to axions-termed Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)-arises from diverse theoretical frameworks, such as the Peccei-Quinn mechanism addressing the strong CP problem, string theory, and spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. Given their light mass and weak coupling, ALPs are also possible candidates for cold dark matter. Introducing these new interactions mediated by novel particles not only tackles several challenges in modern physics but also raises a crucial question: Are there undiscovered interactions beyond the Standard Model? Many of the interactions predicted by these theories are spin-dependent, which is the primary focus of this review. In this review, we first outline the theoretical foundations for investigating exotic spin-dependent interactions, highlighting their importance in various models beyond the Standard Model. We examine the potential roles of new lightweight particles in mediating these interactions, which may enhance our understanding of dark matter. Relevant formulas derived from theoretical models are included to support experimental investigations. Following this theoretical framework, we conduct a detailed review of recent experimental efforts to detect these exotic interactions. A systematic review of current constraints on these interactions is presented, along with an assessment of various detection approaches.
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Abstract Quantum sensors based on the superposition of neutral atoms are promising for sensing the nature of dark matter (DM). In this study, we utilize the Stern–Gerlach (SG) interferometer configuration to seek a novel method for the detection of axion-like particles (ALPs). Using an SG interferometer, we create a spatial quantum superposition of neutral atoms such as 3^{3}3 3 He and 87^{87}87 87 Rb. It is shown that the interaction of ALPs with this superposition induces a relative phase between superposed quantum components. We use the quantum Boltzmann equation (QBE) to introduce a first-principles analysis that describes the temporal evolution of the sensing system. The QBE approach employs quantum field theory (QFT) to highlight the role of the quantum nature of the interactions with the quantum systems. The resulting exclusion area demonstrates that our scheme allows for the exclusion of a range of ALP mass in the range 10−10≤ma≤102 eV10^{-10}\le m_{a}\le 10^{2}\,\textrm{eV}10−10≤ma​≤102eV 10 - 10 ≤ m a ≤ 10 2 eV and ALP-atom coupling constant in the range 10−13≤gae≤10010^{-13}\le g_{ae}\le 10^{0}10−13≤gae​≤100 10 - 13 ≤ g ae ≤ 10 0 .