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arXiv:2604.13643 · PRX Quantum

Quantum secret sharing in tripartite superconducting network

W. K. Yam, C. Wilkinson, S. Gandorfer, F. Fesquet, M. Handschuh, A. Marx, R. Gross, N. Korolkova, K. G. Fedorov

quant-phSubmitted Apr 15, 2026• Announced Apr 16, 2026• 0 citations
v1 · Apr 15, 2026v2 · Jun 3, 2026
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Abstract

Superconducting microwave quantum networks is a rapidly developing field, enabling distributed quantum computing and holding a promise for hybrid architectures in quantum internet. Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is one of the key protocols for multipartite quantum networks and can provide an unconditionally secure way to share quantum states among $n$ players. Using microwave two-mode squeezed states as an entanglement resource, we experimentally implement a QSS protocol with $n = 3$, where a subset of at least $k = 2$ players must collaborate to faithfully reconstruct the original secret state. We demonstrate reconstructed-state fidelities that surpass the asymptotic no-cloning threshold of $F_\textrm{nc} = 2/3$ and identify a parameter regime that allows for unconditionally secure communication in the presence of an omnipotent dishonest player. Furthermore, we experimentally explore inherent connections between QSS and other important quantum information processing tasks, such as quantum dense coding and elementary quantum error correction of channel erasures. Finally, we discuss extensions of QSS and its relation to the concept of blind quantum computing.

Comments
12 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

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Superconducting microwave quantum networks is a rapidly developing field, enabling distributed quantum computing and holding a promise for hybrid architectures in quantum internet. Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is one of the key protocols for multipartite quantum networks and can provide an unconditionally secure way to share quantum states among nnn players. Using microwave two-mode squeezed states as an entanglement resource, we experimentally implement a QSS protocol with n=3n = 3n=3, where a subset of at least k=2k = 2k=2 players must collaborate to faithfully reconstruct the original secret state. We demonstrate reconstructed-state fidelities that surpass the asymptotic no-cloning threshold of Fnc=2/3F_\textrm{nc} = 2/3Fnc​=2/3 and identify a parameter regime that allows for unconditionally secure communication in the presence of an omnipotent dishonest player. Furthermore, we experimentally explore inherent connections between QSS and other important quantum information processing tasks, such as quantum dense coding and elementary quantum error correction of channel erasures. Finally, we discuss extensions of QSS and its relation to the concept of blind quantum computing.
Quantum networks enable secure communication, distributed computing, and precision sensing beyond classical capabilities. Recent advances have progressed from two-node links to multi-node architectures, enabling rigorous tests of multiparty quantum communication protocols. Among these, quantum secret sharing (QSS) leverages multipartite entanglement to distribute secrets such that only authorized parties can reconstruct them. Here, we present a three-node quantum communication testbed with a triangular topology, each edge implemented by a 1.3-meter-long transmission line, and use this testbed to demonstrate QSS. We demonstrate state transfer and entanglement generation between all node pairs, create genuine tripartite GHZ entanglement, and implement QSS of classical information. Our experiments show that the QSS protocol detects eavesdropping in situ, ensuring secure secret distribution on a superconducting platform.
Quantum-state sharing is a protocol where perfect reconstruction of quantum states is achieved with incomplete or partial information in a multipartite quantum network. Quantum-state sharing allows for secure communication in a quantum network where partial information is lost or acquired by malicious parties. This protocol utilizes entanglement for the secret-state distribution and a class of ``quantum disentangling'' protocols for the state reconstruction. We demonstrate a quantum-state sharing protocol in which a tripartite entangled state is used to encode and distribute a secret state to three players. Any two of these players can collaborate to reconstruct the secret state, while individual players obtain no information. We investigate a number of quantum disentangling processes and experimentally demonstrate quantum-state reconstruction using two of these protocols. We experimentally measure a fidelity, averaged over all reconstruction permutations, of $\mathcal{F}=0.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. A result achievable only by using quantum resources.
Quantum state sharing (QSS) is a protocol by which a (secret) quantum state may be securely split into shares, shared between multiple potentially-dishonest players, and reconstructed. Crucially, the players are each assumed to be dishonest, and so QSS requires that only a collaborating authorized subset of players can access the original secret state; any dishonest unauthorized conspiracy cannot reconstruct it. We analyze a QSS protocol involving three untrusted players and demonstrate that quantum steering is the required resource enabling the protocol to proceed securely. We analyze the level of steering required to share any single-mode Gaussian secret which enables the states to be shared with the optimal use of resources.
We demonstrate a multipartite protocol to securely distribute and reconstruct a quantum state. A secret quantum state is encoded into a tripartite entangled state and distributed to three players. By collaborating, any two of the three players can reconstruct the state, while individual players obtain nothing. We characterize this (2,3) threshold quantum state sharing scheme in terms of fidelity, signal transfer, and reconstruction noise. We demonstrate a fidelity averaged over all reconstruction permutations of 0.73+/-0.04, a level achievable only using quantum resources.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cryptographic protocol that leverages quantum mechanics to distribute a secret among multiple parties. With respect to the classical counterpart, in QSS, the secret is encoded into quantum states and shared by a dealer such that only an authorized subsets of participants, i.e., the players, can reconstruct it. Several state-of-the-art studies aim to transpose classical secret sharing into the quantum realm, while maintaining their reliance on traditional network topologies (e.g., star, ring, and fully connected), and require that all thennnplayers calculate the secret. These studies exploit the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state, which is a type of maximally entangled quantum state involving three or more qubits. However, none of these works account for redundancy, enhanced security/privacy features, or authentication mechanisms able to fingerprint players. To address these gaps, in this article, we introduce a new concept of QSS, which leans on a generic distributed quantum network, based on a threshold scheme, where all the players collaborate also to the routing of quantum information among them. The dealer, by exploiting a custom flexible weighting system, takes advantage of a newly defined quantum Dijkstra algorithm to select the most suitable subset oftttplayers, out of the entire set onnnnplayers, to involve in the computation. To fingerprint and authenticate users, CRYSTAL-Kyber primitives are adopted, while also protecting each player’s privacy by hiding their identities. We show the effectiveness and performance of the proposed protocol by testing it against the main classical and quantum attacks, thereby improving the state-of-the-art security measures.
Secret sharing is a conventional technique for realizing secure communications in information networks, where a dealer distributes to n players a secret, which can only be decoded through the cooperation of k (n/2<k≤n) players. In recent years, quantum resources have been employed to enhance security of secret sharing, which has been named quantum secret sharing (QSS). A multipartite bound entanglement (BE) state of an optical field, due to its special entanglement features, can be used in quantum networks to improve security and flexibility of communication. We design and experimentally demonstrate a QSS protocol, where the dealer modulates a secret on a four-partite BE state and then distributes the submodes of the BE state to four spatially separated players. The presented QSS scheme has the capability to protect secrets from eavesdropping and dishonest players, because a nonlocal and deterministic BE state is shared among four authorized players.