The standard stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) protocol enables high-fidelity quantum state transfer in an ideal three-level system via adiabatic following of a dark state evolution. However, in practical systems with more energy levels, control pulses with finite spectral selectivity often couple the three-level subspace to the remaining subspace, introducing leakage that fundamentally limits the transfer performance. Here, we adopt a multilevel chain model for STIRAP that explicitly incorporates this leakage subspace. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle, we formulate a leakage-penalized quantum optimal control problem with the control pulses constrained to experimentally feasible Gaussian pulse families. We derive explicit gradients of the objective functional with respect to the pulse parameters, enabling efficient low-dimensional optimization that suppresses leakage while preserving the counterintuitive STIRAP pulse ordering. Numerical simulations for a superconducting transmon platform demonstrate that the optimized control pulses can significantly enhance the target-state transfer fidelity and provide enhanced robustness to amplitude miscalibration and detuning drifts.
The standard stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) protocol enables high-fidelity quantum state transfer in an ideal three-level system via adiabatic following of a dark state evolution. However, in practical systems with more energy levels, control pulses with finite spectral selectivity often couple the three-level subspace to the remaining subspace, introducing leakage that fundamentally limits the transfer performance. Here, we adopt a multilevel chain model for STIRAP that explicitly incorporates this leakage subspace. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle, we formulate a leakage-penalized quantum optimal control problem with the control pulses constrained to experimentally feasible Gaussian pulse families. We derive explicit gradients of the objective functional with respect to the pulse parameters, enabling efficient low-dimensional optimization that suppresses leakage while preserving the counterintuitive STIRAP pulse ordering. Numerical simulations for a superconducting transmon platform demonstrate that the optimized control pulses can significantly enhance the target-state transfer fidelity and provide enhanced robustness to amplitude miscalibration and detuning drifts.
Quantum control of lossy systems is known to be achieved by adiabatic passage via an approximate dark state relatively immune to loss, such as the emblematic example of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) featuring a lossy excited state. By systematic optimal control study, via the Pontryagin maximum principle, we design alternative more efficient routes that, for a given admissible loss, feature an optimal transfer with respect to the cost defined as (i) the pulse energy (energy minimization) or (ii) the pulse duration (time minimization). The optimal controls feature remarkably simple sequences in the respective cases: (i) operating far from a dark state, of π-pulse type in the limit of low admissible loss, or (ii) close to the dark state with a counterintuitive pulse configuration sandwiched by sharp intuitive sequences, referred to as the intuitive/counterintuitive/intuitive (ICI) sequence. In the case of time optimization, the resulting stimulated Raman exact passage (STIREP) outperforms STIRAP in term of speed, accuracy, and robustness for low admissible loss.
Abstract We conduct a systematic study to optimize the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) processes using Pontryagin’s principle. Pontryagin’s principle enables the incorporation of time- and fidelity-based optimization strategies into the traditional adiabatic processes. By incorporating an integral term of the intermediate state population into the cost function of either evolution time or target state fidelity, we can achieve either time-optimal or high-fidelity state transfer while maintaining minimal intermediate state occupation. This optimization method can also be superior to the shortcuts to adiabaticity control in either transfer speed or state fidelity, depending on the chosen cost function. Our method provides a systematic optimization strategy for the STIRAP process. Moreover, this approach is robust against the decoherence effect of the system caused by its surrounding environment, thereby enhancing the overall control performance and stability.
Abstract Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is a widely used protocol to realize high-fidelity and robust quantum control in various quantum systems. However, further application of this protocol in superconducting qubits is limited by population leakage caused by the only weak anharmonicity. Here, we introduce an optimally controlled shortcut-to-adiabatic (STA) technique to speed-up the STIRAP protocol in a superconducting qudit. By modifying the shapes of the STIRAP pulses, we experimentally realize a fast (32 ns) and high-fidelity (0.996 ± 0.005) quantum state transfer. In addition, we demonstrate that our protocol is robust against control parameter perturbations. Our stimulated Raman shortcut-to-adiabatic passage transition provides an efficient and practical approach for quantum information processing.
Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is a widely-used technique of coherent state-to-state manipulation for many applications in physics, chemistry, and beyond. The adiabatic evolution of the state involved in STIRAP, called adiabatic passage, guarantees its robustness against control errors, but also leads to problems of low efficiency and decoherence. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate an alternative approach, termed stimulated Raman "user-defined" passage (STIRUP), where a parameterized state is employed for constructing desired evolutions to replace the adiabatic passage in STIRAP. The user-defined passages can be flexibly designed for optimizing different objectives for different tasks, e.g. minimizing leakage error. To experimentally benchmark its performance, we apply STIRUP to the task of coherent state transfer in a superconducting Xmon qutrit. We found that STIRUP completed the transfer more then four times faster than STIRAP with enhanced robustness, and achieved a fidelity of 99.5%, which is the highest among all recent experiments based on STIRAP and its variants. In practice, STIRUP differs from STIRAP only in the design of driving pulses; therefore, most existing applications of STIRAP can be readily implemented with STIRUP.
Achieving high-fidelity quantum state engineering is pivotal for quantum technology applications. This work investigates the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) protocol in a three-level Λ-system to demonstrate robust and near-perfect population transfer (∣1⟩→∣2⟩). The system evolution is rigorously modeled using the \textbf{Lindblad Master Equation} to account for realistic open quantum dynamics, specifically spontaneous decay from the intermediate state ∣3⟩. We show that the \textbf{adiabatic evolution} through the Dark State, which is orthogonal to the decaying state ∣3⟩, guarantees immunity to this dissipation, achieving fidelities >0.99. Furthermore, we analyze the protocol's resilience, mapping the fidelity landscape in the parameter space and confirming STIRAP's intrinsic robustness against control amplitude variations. This study demonstrates the efficacy and practical viability of STIRAP as a robust method for coherent population transfer in realistic noisy quantum devices.
We propose a pulse-shaping method for improving population transfer in multistate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) with nearest-neighbour couplings only. The method extends the quasiparallel-eigenenergy approach, previously used for two- and three-state systems, to multistate chains without introducing additional shortcut fields. The pump and Stokes fields are shaped so that the eigenenergies closest to the dark state remain nearly parallel to it during the central part of the interaction, where nonadiabatic transitions are most likely to occur. We derive analytic prescriptions for the required pulse shapes and apply them to five-, seven-, and nine-state chains formed by magnetic sublevels of degenerate manifolds with angular momenta Jg→Je=Jg and Jg→Je=Jg−1 driven by a pair of right- and left-circularly polarized pulses. Numerical simulations show that the optimized pulses can reduce the population transfer error by several orders of magnitude compared to standard Gaussian pulses. The same shapes also improve robustness against variations of the peak Rabi frequency, the single-photon detuning, and the multiphoton detuning. The comparison between the two angular-momentum families shows that the Jg→Jg chains are generally more favourable, because their Clebsch-Gordan coefficients keep the relevant bright-state gap larger in the region where the dark state changes most rapidly. Finally, simulations with spontaneous emission show that the optimized resonant pulses remain advantageous in the lossy regime as well.