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arXiv:2604.07862

Fast and Coherent Transfer of Atomic Qubits in Optical Tweezers using Fiber Array Architecture

Jia-Chao Wang, Zai-Zheng Zhang, Xiao Li, Guang-Wei Wang, Xiao-Dong He, Min Liu, Peng Xu

quant-phSubmitted Apr 9, 2026• Announced Apr 10, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Programmable neutral-atom arrays offer a promising route toward scalable quantum computing, where coherent qubit transfer enables non-local connectivity and reduces resource overhead. However, transfer speed and motional heating remain key bottlenecks for fast and deep quantum circuits. Here, we employ a fiber array neutral-atom quantum computing architecture with site-resolved control of trap depths to realize smooth amplitude exchange between static and moving traps, thereby enabling fast and coherent qubit transfer with ultralow motional heating. With a 10 $μ$s in situ transfer between static and moving traps, we obtain a per-cycle heating rate of 0.156(9) $μ$K, sustain over 500 cycles with negligible atom loss, and achieve a quantum state fidelity of 0.99992(5) per cycle. For inter-site transfer between two separated static traps, the operation takes 120 $μ$s with 0.783(17) $μ$K heating per transfer, and remains negligible atom loss for up to 100 repeated cycles with a fidelity of 0.9998(1) per transfer. Furthermore, through experimental studies of parallel transfer, we establish a model that elucidates the relationship between array inhomogeneity and the transfer heating rate. This fast, low-heating coherent transfer capability provides a practical route for improving both speed and fidelity in atom-shuttling based quantum computing.

Comments
10 pages, 7 figures

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Programmable neutral-atom arrays offer a promising route toward scalable quantum computing, where coherent qubit transfer enables non-local connectivity and reduces resource overhead. However, transfer speed and motional heating remain key bottlenecks for fast and deep quantum circuits. Here, we employ a fiber array neutral-atom quantum computing architecture with site-resolved control of trap depths to realize smooth amplitude exchange between static and moving traps, thereby enabling fast and coherent qubit transfer with ultralow motional heating. With a 10 μμμs in situ transfer between static and moving traps, we obtain a per-cycle heating rate of 0.156(9) μμμK, sustain over 500 cycles with negligible atom loss, and achieve a quantum state fidelity of 0.99992(5) per cycle. For inter-site transfer between two separated static traps, the operation takes 120 μμμs with 0.783(17) μμμK heating per transfer, and remains negligible atom loss for up to 100 repeated cycles with a fidelity of 0.9998(1) per transfer. Furthermore, through experimental studies of parallel transfer, we establish a model that elucidates the relationship between array inhomogeneity and the transfer heating rate. This fast, low-heating coherent transfer capability provides a practical route for improving both speed and fidelity in atom-shuttling based quantum computing.
Abstract Programmable neutral-atom arrays offer a promising route toward scalable quantum computing, where coherent qubit transfer enables non-local connectivity and reduces resource overhead. However, transfer speed and motional heating remain key bottlenecks for fast and deep quantum circuits. Here, we employ a fiber array neutral-atom quantum computing architecture with site-resolved control of trap depths to realize smooth amplitude exchange between static and moving traps, thereby enabling fast and coherent qubit transfer with ultralow motional heating. With a 10-μs in situ transfer between static and moving traps, we obtain a per-cycle heating rate of 0.156(9) μK, sustain over 500 cycles with negligible atom loss, and achieve a quantum state fidelity of 0.99992 (5) per cycle. For inter-site transfer between two separated static traps, the operation takes 120 μs with 0.783(17) μK heating per transfer, and exhibits negligible atom loss for up to 100 repeated cycles with a fidelity of 0.9998 (1) per transfer. Furthermore, through experimental studies of parallel transfer, we establish a model that elucidates the relationship between array inhomogeneity and the transfer heating rate. This fast, low-heating coherent transfer capability provides a practical route for improving both speed and fidelity in atom-shuttling based quantum computing.
Realizing error-corrected logical qubits is a central goal for the current development of digital quantum computers. Neutral atoms offer the opportunity to coherently shuttle atoms for realizing efficient quantum error correction based on long-range connectivity and parallel atom transport. Nevertheless, time overheads in shuttling atoms and complex control hardware pose challenges to scaling current architectures. Here, we introduce atom velocity as a new degree of freedom in neutral-atom architectures tailored to quantum error correction. Through controlled Doppler shifts, we demonstrate velocity-selective mid-circuit state preparation and measurement on moving atoms, leaving spectator atoms unaffected. Furthermore, we achieve on-the-fly local single-qubit rotations by mapping micron-scale atom displacements to the spatial phase of global control beams. Complementing these techniques with CZ entangling gates with a fidelity of 99.86(4)%, we experimentally implement key primitives for quantum error correction and measurement-based quantum computing. We generate an eight-qubit entangled cluster state with an average stabilizer value of 0.830(4), realize an [[4,2,2]] error-detection code with 99.0(3) % logical Bell-state fidelity, and perform stabilizer measurements using a flying ancilla. By enabling selective operations on continuously moving atoms using only global beams, this velocity-enabled architecture reduces hardware overhead while minimizing shuttling and transfer delays, opening a new pathway for fast, large-scale atom-based quantum computation.
Arrays of single atoms trapped in optical tweezers are increasingly recognized as a promising platform for scalable quantum computing. In both the fault-tolerant and NISQ eras, the ability to individually control qubits is essential for the efficient execution of quantum circuits. Time-division multiplexed control schemes based on atom shuttling or beam scanning have been employed to build programmable neutral atom quantum processors, but achieving high-rate, highly parallel gate operations remains a challenge. Here, we propose a fiber array architecture for atom quantum computing capable of fully independent control of individual atoms. The trapping and addressing lasers for each individual atom are emitted from the same optical waveguide, enabling robust control through common-mode suppression of beam pointing noise. Using a fiber array, we experimentally demonstrate the trapping and independent control of ten single atoms in two-dimensional optical tweezers, achieving individually addressed single-qubit gates with an average fidelity of 0.9966(3). More significantly, we perform simultaneous arbitrary single-qubit gates on four randomly selected qubits, resulting in an average fidelity of 0.9961(4). Our work paves the way for time-efficient execution of quantum algorithms on neutral atom quantum computers.
Efficient quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computing require scalable, high-fidelity long-range connectivity. In neutral-atom quantum computers, this is commonly achieved through atom transport, but shuttling introduces latency and motional heating that worsen with system size. Here, we introduce a neutral-atom architecture based on static atomic buses, in which auxiliary mediator atoms enable long-range entangling operations without qubit transport. The architecture naturally supports long-range stabilizer measurements in high-rate LDPC codes and transversal logical gates between neighboring surface-code patches, enabling a modular framework for efficient logical memories, Clifford computation, and magic-state distillation. To realize these capabilities, we co-design optimal-control protocols for bus-mediated controlled-Z gates that incorporate both microscopic neutral-atom dynamics and architectural constraints. We obtain smooth bus-mediated gates with fidelities approaching 99.9% and durations of a few hundred nanoseconds by combining time-optimal control with interaction-flatness and robustness constraints. Large-scale simulations of quantum error correction and logical entangling operations between neighboring surface-code patches predict more than an order-of-magnitude improvement in logical error rates compared with atom-shuttling architectures under realistic noise. The architecture achieves logical gate times of approximately 100 us and quantum-error-correction cycle times of about 1 ms for code distances d<12. These results establish static atomic buses as a practical alternative to atom shuttling for scalable fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computing.
We study the optimization of the transport and transfer of neutral atoms between optical tweezers, both critical steps in the implementation of quantum computers and simulators. We analyze four experimentally relevant pulse shapes (piecewise linear, piecewise quadratic, minimum jerk, and a combination of linear and minimum jerk), and we also develop a protocol using shortcuts-to-adiabaticity (STA) methods to crucially incorporate the time-dependent effects of static traps. By computing a measure of the final transport error and two measures of the heating during transport, we show that our proposed STA protocol comprehensively outperforms all the experimentally inspired pulses. After further optimizing the pulse shapes, we find a lower bound on the protocol duration, compatible with the time at which the vibrational excitations exceed half of the states hosted by the moving tweezer. This lower bound is at least eight times faster than the one reported in recent experiments, which highlights the importance of including and optimizing the transfer from and to static traps, which may be the largest bottleneck to speed. Finally, our STA results demonstrate that a modulation in the depth of the moving tweezer designed to time-dependently counteract the effect of the static traps is key to reducing errors and reducing the pulse duration. To motivate the implementation of our STA pulses in future experiments, we provide a simple analytical approximation for the moving-tweezer position and depth controls.
The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computation hinges on the ability to execute deep quantum circuits while maintaining gate fidelities consistently above error-correction thresholds. Although neutral-atom arrays have recently demonstrated high-fidelity two-qubit gates and early-stage logical quantum processors, sustaining such high performance across deep, repetitive circuits remains a formidable challenge due to cumulative motional heating and atom loss. Here we demonstrate a sustainable neutral-atom framework that overcomes these limitations by integrating a suite of hardware-efficient mid-circuit operations. We report a two-qubit controlled logic gate with a raw fidelity of 99.60(1)%, which is further increased to a fidelity of 99.81(1)% via non-destructive erasure detection. Crucially, by implementing in-circuit Raman sideband cooling and qubit re-initialization, we demonstrate that gate fidelities can be maintained at the ~99.8% level across multiple operational rounds without observable degradation. By actively managing the internal and motional entropy of the system mid-stream, our in-situ refreshable architecture provides a critical pathway for executing the repeated syndrome-extraction cycles required for large-scale, continuous quantum error correction.