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arXiv:2604.04600

Phase-Stable Hologram Updates for Large-Scale Neutral-Atom Array Reconfiguration

Erdong Huang, Jiayi Huang, Hongshun Yao, Xin Wang, Jin-Guo Liu

quant-phphysics.atom-phSubmitted Apr 6, 2026• Announced Apr 7, 2026• 0 citations• Revised Sep 13, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Apr 6, 2026v2 · Sep 13, 2026
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Dynamic holographic optical tweezers provide a programmable route to array assembly and reconfiguration essential for scalable neutral-atom quantum computation. However, phase mismatch between successive holograms can cause destructive interference during finite spatial light modulator (SLM) refresh. In this work, we analyze finite SLM refresh to establish a phase-stability criterion for prescribed trap amplitudes and develop a weighted-projective Gerchberg-Saxton (WPGS) method that efficiently approximates the corresponding phase-only complex-field optimization. Enforcing this phase constraint also reduces the number of iterations required for each update, achieving convergence within five iterations and enabling hologram generation within a few milliseconds. Numerical simulations of 2D and 3D reconfiguration involving more than $10^3$ traps, together with nonuniform-intensity interlayer transport, show that WPGS preserves endpoint intensity quality while suppressing inter-frame phase mismatch, transient intensity degradation, trap splitting, and motional heating. Similar suppression of phase mismatch and transient-intensity degradation is maintained under Gaussian SLM-plane illumination. These results establish the phase-stability criterion as a practical design principle for dynamic holographic control and scalable neutral-atom array reconfiguration.

Comments
15 pages including appendix, v2 has slight improvements

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Dynamic holographic optical tweezers provide a programmable route to array assembly and reconfiguration essential for scalable neutral-atom quantum computation. However, phase mismatch between successive holograms can cause destructive interference during finite spatial light modulator (SLM) refresh. In this work, we analyze finite SLM refresh to establish a phase-stability criterion for prescribed trap amplitudes and develop a weighted-projective Gerchberg-Saxton (WPGS) method that efficiently approximates the corresponding phase-only complex-field optimization. Enforcing this phase constraint also reduces the number of iterations required for each update, achieving convergence within five iterations and enabling hologram generation within a few milliseconds. Numerical simulations of 2D and 3D reconfiguration involving more than 10310^3103 traps, together with nonuniform-intensity interlayer transport, show that WPGS preserves endpoint intensity quality while suppressing inter-frame phase mismatch, transient intensity degradation, trap splitting, and motional heating. Similar suppression of phase mismatch and transient-intensity degradation is maintained under Gaussian SLM-plane illumination. These results establish the phase-stability criterion as a practical design principle for dynamic holographic control and scalable neutral-atom array reconfiguration.
We demonstrate fast and efficient neutral atom rearrangements in an optical tweezer-trap array, using an enhanced hologram generation algorithm. The conventional Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm is modified to include zero-padding hologram expansion for optical tweezer sharpness, weighted iteration feedback for reduced crosstalk, and phase induction for successive phase continuity. With the new GS algorithm, we experimentally demonstrate defect-free formation of 2D atom arrays with various geometries, achieving a high loading probability of 0.98 for up to N ∼ 30 atoms. Furthermore, the hologram movie calculation speed is enhanced to cover a computational scalability up to 풪(103).
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Assembling defect-free arrays of neutral atoms requires real-time rearrangement of stochastically loaded optical tweezers. Conventional rearrangement methods shuttle atoms sequentially, whereas high-speed spatial light modulators (SLMs) can move all atoms in parallel, which scales more favorably as the array size grows. For fast parallel rearrangement, the sequence of holograms displayed on the SLM should be computed more rapidly than the SLM refresh rate, and there should be phase continuity between successive holograms to minimize transient intensity fluctuations. We calculate holograms analytically by adding together the complex fields needed to produce each individual trap, and we ramp the phase of each trap linearly as it moves to its target location. Trap positions enter as continuous variables, rather than tied to points on a grid, so the method provides high positioning accuracy. Using a single GPU, we compute each intermediate hologram in 0.284 ms, considerably faster than the SLM refresh time of 0.696 ms, so the rearrangement speed is hardware-limited. In each step, we use the free processing time to iteratively optimize the holograms for equal intensity across the traps, decreasing trap non-uniformity to 1.24% during rearrangement at no cost in total time. Starting from an array of 256 sites loaded stochastically with 87^{87}87Rb atoms, we assemble a 100-atom array in under 20 ms with a rearrangement survival probability of 99.31(12)% per atom. This rearrangement increases the temperature of the atoms by 9(3) μμμK, which is small compared to the trap depth of 480 μμμK. Our method can also move individual atoms axially, enabling transport in different planes. We demonstrate this capability with a rearrangement protocol where one set of atoms leapfrogs over another.
It is widely believed that tens of thousands of physical qubits are needed to build a practically useful quantum computer. Atom arrays formed by optical tweezers are among the most promising platforms for achieving this goal, owing to the excellent scalability and mobility of atomic qubits. However, assembling a defect-free atom array with ~ 10^4 qubits remains algorithmically challenging, alongside other hardware limitations. This is due to the computationally hard path-planning problems and the time-consuming generation of suffciently smooth trajectories for optical tweezer potentials by spatial light modulators (SLM). Here, we present a unified framework comprising two innovative components to fully address these algorithmic challenges: (1) a path-planning module that employs a supervised learning approach using a graph neural network combined with a modified auction decoder, and (2) a potential-generation module called the phase and profile-aware Weighted Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. The inference time for the first module is nearly a size-independent constant overhead of ~ 5 ms, and the second module generates a potential frame with about 0.5 ms, a timescale shorter than the current commercial SLM refresh time. Altogether, our algorithm enables the assembly of an atom array with 10^4 qubits on a timescale much shorter than the typical vacuum lifetime of the trapped atoms.
We present fast parallel rearrangement of single atoms in optical tweezers into arbitrary geometries by updating holograms displayed by an ultra fast spatial light modulator. Using linear interpolation of the tweezer position and the optical phase between the start and end arrays, we can calculate and display holograms every few ms, limited by technology. To show the versatility of our method, we sort the same atomic sample into multiple geometries with success probabilities of 0.996(2) 0.996 ( 2 ) per rearrangement cycle. This makes the method a useful tool for rearranging large atom arrays for quantum computation and quantum simulation.
High degree of adjustability enables the holographic tweezer array a versatile platform for creating an arbitrary geometrical atomic array. In holographic tweezer array experiments, an optical tweezer generated by a spatial light modulator (SLM) usually is used as a static tweezer array. However, the alternating current (AC) stark effect generally induces the intensity difference of traps in terms of different light shifts. So, intensity equalization is an essential prerequisite for preparing a many-body system with individually controlled atoms. Here, we report an intensity equalization algorithm. In particular, we observe the non-uniformity of the tweezer array is below 1.1% when the array size is larger than 1000. Our analysis shows that by optimizing the hardware performance of the optical system, this uniformity could be further improved. Our work offers the opportunities for large-scale quantum computation and simulation with reconfigurable atom arrays.