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arXiv:2603.08840

Analog Simulation of Massive Relativistic Quantum Fields in 2 + 1 Dimensions

Yansheng Zhang, Feiyang Wang, Paul H. C. Wong, Alexander C. Jenkins, Yi Jiang, Konstantinos Konstantinou, Gehrig Carlse, Nishant Dogra, Joseph H. Thywissen, Christoph Eigen, Zoran Hadzibabic

cond-mat.quant-gasastro-ph.COhep-thphysics.atom-phquant-phSubmitted Mar 9, 2026• Announced Mar 11, 2026• 0 citations• Revised Aug 20, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Mar 9, 2026v2 · Aug 20, 2026
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Abstract

Quantum field theories provide fundamental models of complex interacting systems, from high-energy physics and cosmology to condensed matter. However, solving these models in non-perturbative and dynamical regimes is often challenging, particularly in more than one spatial dimension. Analog simulation using tunable synthetic quantum systems can both verify existing theoretical predictions and lead to new physical insights. Here, we realize analog simulation of massive relativistic quantum fields in $2+1$ dimensions (two spatial dimensions and time), using two coherently coupled spin components in a uniform two-dimensional atomic Bose--Einstein condensate. Specifically, we encode the paradigmatic sine-Gordon model in the long-wavelength modes of the field describing the relative phase, $φ$, of the two components. In the perturbative regime, collective field excitations exhibit a relativistic dispersion with a tunable mass gap. We also observe explicitly non-perturbative phenomena, including the existence of topological domain walls across which $φ$ rapidly winds by $2π$. Our work opens possibilities for studies of cosmologically relevant phenomena including preheating, dynamics of topological defects, and relativistic false-vacuum decay.

Comments
10 pages, 10 figures

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Quantum field theories provide fundamental models of complex interacting systems, from high-energy physics and cosmology to condensed matter. However, solving these models in non-perturbative and dynamical regimes is often challenging, particularly in more than one spatial dimension. Analog simulation using tunable synthetic quantum systems can both verify existing theoretical predictions and lead to new physical insights. Here, we realize analog simulation of massive relativistic quantum fields in 2+12+12+1 dimensions (two spatial dimensions and time), using two coherently coupled spin components in a uniform two-dimensional atomic Bose--Einstein condensate. Specifically, we encode the paradigmatic sine-Gordon model in the long-wavelength modes of the field describing the relative phase, φφφ, of the two components. In the perturbative regime, collective field excitations exhibit a relativistic dispersion with a tunable mass gap. We also observe explicitly non-perturbative phenomena, including the existence of topological domain walls across which φφφ rapidly winds by 2π2π2π. Our work opens possibilities for studies of cosmologically relevant phenomena including preheating, dynamics of topological defects, and relativistic false-vacuum decay.
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