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arXiv:2603.06822

Stationary Particle Creation and Entanglement in the Rotating Teo Wormhole: A Quantum Mode-Mixing Approach

Ramesh Radhakrishnan, Gerald Cleaver, William Julius

gr-qchep-thmath-phquant-phSubmitted Mar 6, 2026• Announced Mar 10, 2026
v1 · Mar 6, 2026v2 · Sep 9, 2026
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Abstract

Rotating traversable wormholes allow the effects of frame dragging and rotation to be studied in the absence of event horizons. We develop a quantum field theoretic treatment of massless scalar perturbations in the rotating Teo spacetime. This spacetime is an exact, stationary, horizonless wormhole connecting two asymptotically flat regions. Using the Bogoliubov transformation formalism, we construct ``in'' and ``out'' mode solutions defined on the two asymptotic regions and compute the Bogoliubov coefficients that quantify vacuum mode mixing. The effective radial potential induced by rotation and frame dragging forms an asymmetric scattering barrier. This geometric asymmetry allows an exact analytic evaluation of reflection and transmission amplitudes via the barrier-penetration exponent. This results in closed-form expressions for the Bogoliubov coefficients, the mean particle number, and the two-mode entanglement entropy as functions of the rotation parameter. The resulting amplification arises at the level of quantum Bogoliubov mode mixing and vacuum squeezing, rather than classical superradiant flux enhancement. Since this spacetime is stationary, particle creation originates from geometric asymmetry and boundary conditions, and not from explicit time dependence. Co-rotating and counter-rotating modes experience inequivalent scattering. This renders the process intrinsically non-reciprocal. We identify this mechanism as a stationary, geometric analogue of the Asymmetric Dynamical Casimir Effect (ADCE). In the rotating Teo geometry, rotation and frame dragging play the role that moving boundaries play in the dynamical Casimir effect, acting as the source of asymmetric vacuum mode mixing.

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Rotating traversable wormholes allow the effects of frame dragging and rotation to be studied in the absence of event horizons. We develop a quantum field theoretic treatment of massless scalar perturbations in the rotating Teo spacetime. This spacetime is an exact, stationary, horizonless wormhole connecting two asymptotically flat regions. Using the Bogoliubov transformation formalism, we construct in'' and out'' mode solutions defined on the two asymptotic regions and compute the Bogoliubov coefficients that quantify vacuum mode mixing.
The effective radial potential induced by rotation and frame dragging forms an asymmetric scattering barrier. This geometric asymmetry allows an exact analytic evaluation of reflection and transmission amplitudes via the barrier-penetration exponent. This results in closed-form expressions for the Bogoliubov coefficients, the mean particle number, and the two-mode entanglement entropy as functions of the rotation parameter. The resulting amplification arises at the level of quantum Bogoliubov mode mixing and vacuum squeezing, rather than classical superradiant flux enhancement.
Since this spacetime is stationary, particle creation originates from geometric asymmetry and boundary conditions, and not from explicit time dependence. Co-rotating and counter-rotating modes experience inequivalent scattering. This renders the process intrinsically non-reciprocal. We identify this mechanism as a stationary, geometric analogue of the Asymmetric Dynamical Casimir Effect (ADCE). In the rotating Teo geometry, rotation and frame dragging play the role that moving boundaries play in the dynamical Casimir effect, acting as the source of asymmetric vacuum mode mixing.
We provide a unified analysis of scalar-field quantization and detector response in relativistic rotating frames, comparing rigid and Trocheris-Takeno (TT) descriptions in unbounded Minkowski spacetime. We distinguish three questions that are often conflated: (i) how a fixed quantum state is represented in rotating coordinates, (ii) whether rotating time evolution selects a global ground state, and (iii) how a rotating detector responds to the vacuum. Coordinate-transformed rigid and TT modes span the same positive-frequency subspace as inertial modes: their Bogoliubov beta coefficients vanish and their mode sums reproduce the Minkowski Wightman function. Neither rotating time flow selects a global scalar ground state, although for different reasons: the rigid generator is not globally timelike and is unbounded below, whereas TT time translation is not a Killing symmetry. Nevertheless, a circular Unruh-DeWitt detector in the Minkowski vacuum has a stationary, nonzero response. We relate this response to negative corotating frequencies, evaluate it after an explicit Hadamard subtraction, and show that it is nonthermal. Thus vanishing Bogoliubov mixing, the absence of a symmetry-selected rotating vacuum, and detector excitation are mutually consistent.
We construct a class of wormhole geometries supported by the non-local gravitational self-energy that regularizes the particle and black-hole sectors of spacetime. Using this framework, inspired by T-duality, we show that two entangled particles (or particle-black-hole pairs) naturally source an Einstein-Rosen-type geometry in which the required violation of the strong energy condition arises from intrinsic quantum-gravity effects rather than from ad hoc exotic matter, which is matter that violates the null energy condition. We classify the resulting wormholes, analyze their horizons, throat structure and embedding properties, and we identify the exotic energy needed at the minimal surface. Imposing the ER=EPR requirement of non-traversability and the absence of a macroscopic throat, we find that only the zero-throat geometry is compatible with an entanglement-induced Einstein-Rosen bridge, providing a concrete realization of ER=EPR within a fully regular spacetime. Finally, we briefly discuss possible implications for microscopic ER networks from vacuum fluctuations, replica-wormhole interpretations of Hawking radiation, and possible links to entanglement-driven dark-energy scenarios.
We consider the entanglement dynamics between two-level atoms in a rotating black hole background. In our model the two-atom system is envisaged as an open system coupled with a massless scalar field prepared in one of the physical vacuum states of interest. We employ the quantum master equation in the Born-Markov approximation in order to describe the time evolution of the atomic subsystem. We investigate two different states of motion for the atoms, namely static atoms and also stationary atoms with zero angular momentum. The purpose of this work is to expound the impact on the creation of entanglement coming from the combined action of the different physical processes underlying the Hawking effect and the Unruh-Starobinskii effect. We demonstrate that, in the scenario of rotating black holes, the degree of quantum entanglement is significantly modified due to the phenomenon of superradiance in comparison with the analogous cases in a Schwarzschild spacetime. In the perspective of a zero angular momentum observer (ZAMO), one is allowed to probe entanglement dynamics inside the ergosphere, since static observers cannot exist within such a region. On the other hand, the presence of superradiant modes could be a source for violation of complete positivity. This is verified when the quantum field is prepared in the Frolov-Thorne vacuum state. In this exceptional situation, we raise the possibility that the loss of complete positivity is due to the breakdown of the Markovian approximation, which means that any arbitrary physically admissible initial state of the two atoms would not be capable to hold, with time evolution, its interpretation as a physical state inasmuch as negative probabilities are generated by the dynamical map.
Quantum effects in accelerated frames and gravitational fields have been studied for decades. One of the most influential outcomes is the discovery of thermal radiation from a black hole by Hawking in 1975. Other important discoveries include the Unruh effect, dynamical Casimir effect etc.. Although these discoveries are very exciting, experimental verification of them is extremely challenging. Even in the theoretical aspect, not all the issues have been resolved, e.g., the well known black hole information paradox. Quantum information science was developed rapidly during the last thirty years. The well established concepts and tools in quantum information science have been used to explore the quantum effects in gravitational fields and relativistic frames, giving birth to a new research field named relativistic quantum information. This thesis studies quantum effects in accelerated frames and gravitational fields by exploiting the concepts and techniques in quantum information science. The Unruh effect implies that the state of the fields confined within part of the Minkowski spacetime can appear thermal, and entanglement exists between different spacetime regions. We show that the particle number distribution of the field modes confined within a finite diamond region is also thermal in the Minkowski vacuum, an analogue to the Unruh effect; and there exists entanglement between different diamonds. The vacuum entanglement can be extracted and utilized for some quantum information protocols, e.g., quantum key distribution. Furthermore, we show that the presence of a horizon and the Unruh thermal noise has important consequences to the quantum communication protocols where one of the parties is a uniformly accelerated observer. Interactions between uniformly accelerated objects and quantum fields are traditionally studied using perturbation theory. The quantum circuit model, a crucial tool in quantum communication and computation, can be exploited to calculate radiations from the uniformly accelerated objects non-perturbatively. By further combining field detection scheme in quantum optics, e.g., homodyne detection, the output field from the uniformly accelerated objects can be fully studied. These techniques help to study decoherence effect in non-inertial frames, which may provide important insights for the black hole information paradox. Dynamical spacetimes generally create quantum particles. Gravitational perturbations around a black hole oscillate and decay, due to the emission of gravitational waves to spatial infinity and into the black hole. We show that they play the role as a multimode squeezer, squeezing the state of the quantum fields and creating particles.
Gravity-induced entanglement has been proposed as a method for testing the non-classical nature of gravity via tabletop experiments. While most existing proposals are restricted to the Newtonian limit, the frame dragging effect offers access to genuinely post-Newtonian features of the gravitational interaction and remains comparatively less explored. Here, we study gravity-induced entanglement generated by frame dragging in an interferometric setting and compute the entanglement phase between the rotational degrees of freedom of a source mass and the paths of a particle in two complementary ways: (i) via Schrödinger evolution with a quantized Lense-Thirring Hamiltonian in the large angular momentum limit, and (ii) via the on-shell action of linearized quantum gravity within the stationary phase approximation. Both approaches yield the same entanglement phase, consistent with the proper time difference between the interferometer arms. The path integral derivation further reveals how gravitational retardation modifies the entanglement phase, thereby making the local, relativistically causal linearized-gravity description explicit. Under the standard locality/mediator assumptions used in existing arguments, the resulting entanglement would witness non-classicality of the gravitational interaction.
The particles produced from the vacuum in the dynamical Casimir effect are highly entangled. In order to quantify the correlations generated by the process of vacuum decay induced by moving mirrors, we study the entanglement evolution in the dynamical Casimir effect by computing the time-dependent R\'enyi and von Neumann entanglement entropy analytically in arbitrary dimensions. We consider the system at parametric resonance, where the effect is enhanced. We find that, in (1+11+11+1) dimensions, the entropies grow logarithmically for large times, ${S}_{A}(\ensuremath{\tau})\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}(\ensuremath{\tau})$, while in higher dimensions (n+1n+1n+1) the growth is linear, ${S}_{A}(t)\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\tau}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ can be identified with the Lyapunov exponent of a classical instability in the system. In (1+11+11+1) dimensions, strong interactions among field modes prevent the parametric resonance from manifesting as a Lyapunov instability, leading to a sublinear entropy growth associated with a constant rate of particle production in the resonant mode. Interestingly, the logarithmic growth comes with a prefactor of 1/21/21/2 which cannot occur in time-periodic systems with finitely many degrees of freedom and is thus a special property of bosonic field theories.