Multi-Parameter Multi-Critical Metrology of the Dicke Model

Abstract

Critical quantum metrology exploits the hypersensitivity of quantum systems near phase transitions to achieve enhanced precision in parameter estimation. While single-parameter estimation near critical points is well established, the simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters, which is essential for practical sensing applications, remains challenging. This difficulty arises from sloppiness, a phenomenon that typically renders the QFIM singular or nearly singular. In this work, we demonstrate that multiparameter critical metrology is not only feasible but can also retain divergent precision scaling, provided one accepts a trade-off in the scaling exponent. Using the GS of the single-cavity DM, we show that two Hamiltonian parameters can be simultaneously estimated with a scalar variance bound scaling as the square root of the critical parameter. This overcomes the inherent sloppiness by leveraging higher-order contributions to the QFIM. To recover the optimal quadratic scaling, we introduce the DD with photon hopping. In this model, a triple point in the phase diagram enables the simultaneous closure of two excitation gaps, which effectively increases the rank of the QFIM and restores the ideal single-parameter scaling for specific parameter pairs. Furthermore, we extend our to a lossy scenario. We prove that the SSs of both the DM and the DD still support multiparameter estimation with diverging precision, exhibiting linear scaling in the DM and quadratic scaling near the triple point in the DD. Finally, we establish a connection between the derived critical scalings and the fundamental state preparation time, providing a unified framework to operationally compare different sensing strategies. Our results demonstrate that critical quantum metrology can be made robust against dissipation, paving the way for practical quantum sensors operating near phase transitions.