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arXiv:2602.04588 · Physical Review A

Entanglement improves coordination in distributed systems

Francisco Ferreira da Silva, Stephanie Wehner

quant-phcs.DCSubmitted Feb 4, 2026• Announced Feb 5, 2026• 0 citations• Revised Jun 23, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Feb 4, 2026v2 · Jun 23, 2026
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Abstract

Coordination in distributed systems is often hampered by communication latency, which degrades performance. Quantum entanglement offers fundamentally stronger correlations than classically achievable without communication. Crucially, these correlations manifest instantaneously upon measurement, irrespective of the physical distance separating the systems. We investigate the application of shared entanglement to a dual-work optimization problem in a distributed system comprising two servers. The system must process both a continuously available, preemptible baseline task and incoming customer requests arriving in pairs. System performance is characterized by the trade-off between baseline task throughput and customer waiting time. We present a rigorous analytical model demonstrating that when the baseline task throughput function is strictly convex, rewarding longer uninterrupted processing periods, entanglement-assisted routing strategies achieve Pareto-superior performance compared to optimal communication-free classical strategies. We prove this advantage through queueing-theoretic analysis, non-local game formulation, and computational certification of classical bounds. Our results identify distributed scheduling and coordination as a novel application domain for near-term entanglement-based quantum networks.

Journal reference
Phys. Rev. A 113, 062611 (2026)
DOI
10.1103/3328-dwtb
Comments
Published version. 9 pages, 4 figures + 19 pages appendix

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Coordination in distributed systems is often hampered by communication latency, which degrades performance. Quantum entanglement offers fundamentally stronger correlations than classically achievable without communication. Crucially, these correlations manifest instantaneously upon measurement, irrespective of the physical distance separating the systems. We investigate the application of shared entanglement to a dual-work optimization problem in a distributed system comprising two servers. The system must process both a continuously available, preemptible baseline task and incoming customer requests arriving in pairs. System performance is characterized by the trade-off between baseline task throughput and customer waiting time. We present a rigorous analytical model demonstrating that when the baseline task throughput function is strictly convex, rewarding longer uninterrupted processing periods, entanglement-assisted routing strategies achieve Pareto-superior performance compared to optimal communication-free classical strategies. We prove this advantage through queueing-theoretic analysis, non-local game formulation, and computational certification of classical bounds. Our results identify distributed scheduling and coordination as a novel application domain for near-term entanglement-based quantum networks.
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This paper proposes a novel approach to resource allocation in distributed computing systems utilizing the unique properties of quantum entanglement. Traditional resource allocation methods are often hampered by latency issues stemming from signal propagation delays within networks. This research introduces a system where quantum entanglement is directly harnessed to establish instantaneous correlations between computing nodes. These correlations enable real-time assessment of resource availability and demand, facilitating dynamic and optimized resource assignments. The core mechanism involves creating entangled pairs, followed by employing entanglement witness measurements to determine optimal allocations. The system fundamentally shifts from relying on communication-based routing to leveraging quantum correlations for optimization. This approach promises significantly reduced latency and improved overall system efficiency compared to conventional methods. Mathematical models are presented to illustrate the core concepts and theoretical performance bounds. The key performance indicators (KPIs) investigated include allocation latency, resource utilization, and overall system throughput. The results demonstrate the potential for entanglement-based resource allocation to outperform traditional approaches under various network conditions.
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Coordination is a fundamental primitive in communication and information theory, in which distributed systems must collectively generate correlated behavior rather than merely exchange messages. In quantum networks, the nature of entanglement, quantum measurements, and nonclassical correlations introduces coordination possibilities unavailable classically. This article reviews recent advances in coordination over classical and quantum communication networks, focusing on empirical and strong coordination in multi-user settings. We consider the implications of coordination for nonlocal games, showing how it provides a natural framework for understanding the correlations that enable spatially separated players to improve their probability of winning. We present a unified framework for coordination using classical or quantum communication and pre-shared correlation resources. The review covers simulation of both entanglement and separable correlations across a variety of network architectures, including two-node, cascade, broadcast, and multiple-access networks. We study the operational differences between empirical and strong coordination, and the tradeoffs between communication and correlation resources, such as pre-shared randomness and entanglement. Coordination plays a major role in device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) schemes, in which parties can generate a secret key even if the devices used in the process have been prepared by an adversary. Furthermore, we examine the role of coordination in quantum repeaters, where distributed entanglement serves as a resource for long-distance quantum communication. The review highlights connections between coordination theory and applications such as distributed quantum systems, quantum internet architectures, and future communication networks.