arXiv:2602.01927

Numerical Error Extraction by Quantum Measurement Algorithm

Clement Ronfaut, Robin Ollive, Stephane Louise

quant-phSubmitted Feb 2, 2026• Announced Feb 3, 2026• 0 citations• Revised Oct 5, 2026 (v2)

Abstract

In quantum computing, some of the main quantum operations (i.e., gates) cannot be simply implemented and require an approximation. Major quantum algorithm routines enable the implementation of these specific quantum gates by combining basic quantum circuits with an iterative structure. In this structure, the number of repetitions of the basic circuit pattern is associated with convergence parameters. The asymptotic convergence of the gate error with respect to the number of basic pattern repetitions is known as the query complexity. The underlying convergence law is bounded, but often lacks explicit constants for specific problem instances. Upper bounds are generally too pessimistic to be useful in practice. The actual convergence law contains constants that depend on the joint properties of the matrix encoded by the query and the initial state vector, which are difficult to compute classically. This paper proposes a strategy to study this convergence law directly from the Quantum Processing Unit (QPU) output. Given a convergence law, this protocol extracts the numerical values of the associated constants from the gate (i.e., operation) approximation at different accuracies (i.e., convergence parameters) constructed directly on the QPU. This protocol is called Numerical Error Extraction by Quantum Measurement Algorithm (NEEQMA). NEEQMA concepts are tested on specific instances of Quantum Signal Processing (QSP) and Hamiltonian Simulation via Trotterization. Knowing the convergence constants associated with a semi-norm of the error allows selecting the smallest convergence parameters that achieve the required gate approximation accuracy, thereby satisfying the quantum algorithm's requirements.

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