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arXiv:2601.19987

Stability and Decay of Macrovortices in Rotating Bose Gases Beyond Mean Field

Paolo Molignini, M. A. Caracanhas, V. S. Bagnato, Barnali Chakrabarti

cond-mat.quant-gascond-mat.otherquant-phSubmitted Jan 27, 2026• Announced Jan 29, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

We study the formation, stability, and decay of macrovortices in a rotating Bose gas confined by a Mexican-hat potential with a multiconfigurational ansatz. By systematically including correlations beyond the mean-field level, we map the equilibrium phase diagram and identify regimes of coexistence between vortex lattices and multiply charge central vortices. Quench dynamics reveals that macrovortices are robust under changes in rotation or interaction strength, sustaining clean monopole oscillations with well-separated, vorticity-dependent breathing frequencies. In contrast, trap quenches trigger a universal decay process mediated by vortex-phonon coupling, in which rotational energy is progressively transferred to compressible modes until the macrovortex splits into singly quantized vortices. Our results demonstrate that macrovortex lifetimes and decay pathways can be tuned by trap confinement, providing experimentally accessible signatures of vortex-phonon interactions and collective energy transfer in correlated quantum fluids.

Comments
19 pages, 15 figures

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We study the formation, stability, and decay of macrovortices in a rotating Bose gas confined by a Mexican-hat potential with a multiconfigurational ansatz. By systematically including correlations beyond the mean-field level, we map the equilibrium phase diagram and identify regimes of coexistence between vortex lattices and multiply charge central vortices. Quench dynamics reveals that macrovortices are robust under changes in rotation or interaction strength, sustaining clean monopole oscillations with well-separated, vorticity-dependent breathing frequencies. In contrast, trap quenches trigger a universal decay process mediated by vortex-phonon coupling, in which rotational energy is progressively transferred to compressible modes until the macrovortex splits into singly quantized vortices. Our results demonstrate that macrovortex lifetimes and decay pathways can be tuned by trap confinement, providing experimentally accessible signatures of vortex-phonon interactions and collective energy transfer in correlated quantum fluids.
We study a rotating Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) trapped in a shifted harmonic oscillator and Mexican Hat trap, which approximates the potential of a bubble trap potential in some situations.We determined the vortices configurations that appears in this system by varying the interaction and angular momentum of the atomic cloud.The system phase diagram has the macrovortex configurations for small values of the interaction parameter.The charge of the central vortex increases with increasing rotation.Higher values of the atomic interaction turns the macrovortex unstable.It decays into multiple single-charged vortices that arrange themselves in a lattice.Since the vortices are not always visible in the absorption images, we look for alternative methods to characterize the vortex configuration.More specifically, we search for experimental signatures to determine the transitions in the phase diagram.For that, we study how the BEC's velocity field affects the collective modes of the condensate.The splitting of the modes degenerescence and the increase in the mode frequency with angular velocity, which can be traced to a reduction in the gas compressibility, can be seen as an indirect signature of the presence of the vortices in the trapped BEC.
We studied a rotating Bose–Einstein condensate confined in ring trap configurations that can be produced starting with a bubble trap confinement, approximated by a Mexican hat and shift harmonic oscillator potentials. Using a variational technique and perturbation theory, we determined the vortex configurations in this system by varying the interparticle interaction and the angular velocity of the atomic cloud. We found that the phase diagram of the system has macrovortex structures for small positive values of the interaction parameter, and the charge of the central vortex increases with rotation. Strengthening the atomic interaction makes the macrovortex unstable, and it decays into multiple singly charged vortices that arrange themselves in a lattice configuration. We also look for experimentally realizable methods to determine the vortex configuration without relying upon absorption imaging since the structures are not always visible in the latter. More specifically, we study how the vortex distribution affects the collective modes of the condensate by solving the Gross–Pitaevskii equation numerically and by analytical predictions using the sum-rule approach for the frequencies of the modes. These results reveal important signatures to characterize the macrovortices and vortex lattice transitions in the experiments.
We study a rotating Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) trapped in a shifted harmonic oscillator and Mexican Hat trap, which approximates the potential of a bubble trap potential in some situations. We determined the vortices configurations that appears in this system by varying the interaction and angular momentum of the atomic cloud. The system phase diagram has the macrovortex configurations for small values of the interaction parameter. The charge of the central vortex increases with increasing rotation. Higher values of the atomic interaction turns the macrovortex unstable. It decays into multiple single-charged vortices that arrange themselves in a lattice. Since the vortices are not always visible in the absorption images, we look for alternative methods to characterize the vortex configuration. More specifically, we search for experimental signatures to determine the transitions in the phase diagram. For that, we study how the BECs velocity field affects the collective modes of the condensate. The splitting of the modes degenerescence and the increase in the mode frequency with angular velocity, which can be traced to a reduction in the gas compressibility, can be seen as an indirect signature of the presence of the vortices in the trapped BEC.
We theoretically investigate the non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum vortices in a two-dimensional rotating Bose-Einstein condensate following an interaction quench. Using an ab initio and numerically exact quantum many-body approach, we systematically tune the interplay between interaction strength and angular velocity to prepare quantum vortices in various configurations and examine their post-quench dynamics. Our study reveals distinct dynamical regimes: First, vortex distortion accompanied by density cloud fragmentation, matching the initial vortex number and second, vortex revival, where fragmented densities interact and merge. Notably, we observe complete vortex revival dynamics in the single-vortex case, pseudo-revival in double and triple vortex configurations, and chaotic many-body dynamics in systems with multiple vortices. Our results reveal a universal out-of-equilibrium response of quantum vortices to interaction quenches, highlighting the importance of many-body effects with a possible exploration in quantum simulation with ultracold quantum fluids.
We investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of a two-dimensional rotating Bose gas confined in a symmetric anharmonic trap, employing the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method for bosons (MCTDHB). We study states ranging from vortex-free configurations to multicharged (giant) vortices, prepared by tuning the rotation frequency, and analyze their response to sudden interaction and trap quenches. In vortex-free states, interaction quenches induce regular breathing--like dynamics, whereas in the presence of giant vortices they lead to symmetry-breaking surface excitations. In contrast, trap deformations that excite quadrupole-like modes produce stable oscillations in vortex-free condensates but trigger rapid, irregular, and effectively chaotic splitting dynamics in multicharged vortices. To characterize these processes beyond conventional density and phase observables, we employ information-theoretic measures, including marginal and joint entropies, mutual information, and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, supplemented by an angular-resolved KL measure that captures symmetry breaking and azimuthal localization. We find that chaotic splitting is accompanied by a pronounced growth of information-theoretic indicators, signaling the buildup of many-body correlations and increasing complexity in the system dynamics. Our results demonstrate the extreme sensitivity of giant vortices to excitation protocols and establish information-theoretic measures as a powerful framework to quantify correlations and complexity in rotating quantum gases.
In this review, we give an overview of the experimental and theoretical advances in the physics of quantized vortices in dilute atomic-gas Bose--Einstein condensates in a trapping potential, especially focusing on experimental research activities and their theoretical interpretations. Making good use of the atom optical technique, the experiments have revealed many novel structural and dynamic properties of quantized vortices by directly visualizing vortex cores from an image of the density profiles. These results lead to a deep understanding of superfluid hydrodynamics of such systems. Typically, vortices are stabilized by a rotating potential created by a laser beam, magnetic field, and thermal gas. Finite size effects and inhomogeneity of the system, originating from the confinement by the trapping potential, yield unique vortex dynamics coupled with the collective excitations of the condensate. Measuring the frequencies of the collective modes is an accurate tool for clarifying the character of the vortex state. The topics included in this review are the mechanism of vortex formation, equilibrium properties, and dynamics of a single vortex and those of a vortex lattice in a rapidly rotating condensate.