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arXiv:2504.00749 · Physical Review A

Interaction quench dynamics and stability of quantum vortices in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates

L. A. Machado, B. Chatterjee, M. A. Caracanhas, L. Madeira, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato, B. Chakrabarti

Published Jul 7, 2025• 3 citations
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Abstract

We theoretically investigate the non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum vortices in a two-dimensional rotating Bose-Einstein condensate following an interaction quench. Using an ab initio and numerically exact quantum many-body approach, we systematically tune the interplay between interaction strength and angular velocity to prepare quantum vortices in various configurations and examine their post-quench dynamics. Our study reveals distinct dynamical regimes: First, vortex distortion accompanied by density cloud fragmentation, matching the initial vortex number and second, vortex revival, where fragmented densities interact and merge. Notably, we observe complete vortex revival dynamics in the single-vortex case, pseudo-revival in double and triple vortex configurations, and chaotic many-body dynamics in systems with multiple vortices. Our results reveal a universal out-of-equilibrium response of quantum vortices to interaction quenches, highlighting the importance of many-body effects with a possible exploration in quantum simulation with ultracold quantum fluids.

DOI
10.1103/8cdt-n3l2

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We theoretically investigate the non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum vortices in a two-dimensional rotating Bose-Einstein condensate following an interaction quench. Using an ab initio and numerically exact quantum many-body approach, we systematically tune the interplay between interaction strength and angular velocity to prepare quantum vortices in various configurations and examine their post-quench dynamics. Our study reveals distinct dynamical regimes: First, vortex distortion accompanied by density cloud fragmentation, matching the initial vortex number and second, vortex revival, where fragmented densities interact and merge. Notably, we observe complete vortex revival dynamics in the single-vortex case, pseudo-revival in double and triple vortex configurations, and chaotic many-body dynamics in systems with multiple vortices. Our results reveal a universal out-of-equilibrium response of quantum vortices to interaction quenches, highlighting the importance of many-body effects with a possible exploration in quantum simulation with ultracold quantum fluids.
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The dynamics and interaction of quantized vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are investigated by using the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with/without an angular momentum rotation term. If all vortices have the same winding number, they would rotate around the trap center but never collide. In contrast, if the winding numbers are different, their interaction highly depends on the initial distance between vortex centers. The analytical results are presented to describe the dynamics of the vortex centers when β=0. While if β≠0, there is no analytical result but some conclusive numerical findings are provided for the further understanding of vortex interaction in BECs. Finally, the dynamic laws describing the relation of vortex interaction in nonrotating and rotating BECs are presented.
We consider the quantum reflection of vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates incident on a solid surface. Compared with the condensate without angular momentum, the rotation of the vortex gives unique opportunities to consider the interaction process between a matter wave and a solid surface. Due to the atom-surface interaction and dynamic excitations induced by interatomic interaction, our numerical simulations show that the reflected vortex would become unstable for sufficiently low velocity and large interaction strength. The stability diagram for the reflected vortex is given, and physical mechanism for this stability diagram is discussed. It is found that the expansion ratio between the reflected and incident vortices gives the boundary between stable and unstable regions for the reflected vortex.