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arXiv:2512.24993

Noise resilient real-time phase imaging via undetected light

Josué Ricardo León-Torres, Patrick Hendra, Yugant Mukeshbhai Hadiyal, Christopher Spiess, Fabian Steinlechner, Frank Setzpfandt, Markus Gräfe, Valerio Flavio Gili

Published Dec 31, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum imaging with undetected light has recently emerged as a technique in which quantum correlations and nonlinear interferometry are combined to decouple illumination and detection paths. This approach has been more recently extended and combined with digital phase-shifting holography and off-axis holography to extract both the amplitude and phase information of a sample relying on single-photon interference. Despite these advantages, implementing the technique in real-world scenarios where the observed system is subject to environmental noise and dynamic variations remains challenging. The primary limitation lies in the inability of quantum imaging systems to retrieve object information in real time under high-noise conditions. Here, we experimentally demonstrate real-time amplitude and phase imaging in noisy environments, building upon our previous implementation of quantum off-axis holography. Our results demonstrate real-time imaging at acquisition rates up to 4~Hz, even when the noise level exceeds the signal by an order of magnitude.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2512.24993

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Quantum imaging with undetected light has recently emerged as a technique in which quantum correlations and nonlinear interferometry are combined to decouple illumination and detection paths. This approach has been more recently extended and combined with digital phase-shifting holography and off-axis holography to extract both the amplitude and phase information of a sample relying on single-photon interference. Despite these advantages, implementing the technique in real-world scenarios where the observed system is subject to environmental noise and dynamic variations remains challenging. The primary limitation lies in the inability of quantum imaging systems to retrieve object information in real time under high-noise conditions. Here, we experimentally demonstrate real-time amplitude and phase imaging in noisy environments, building upon our previous implementation of quantum off-axis holography. Our results demonstrate real-time imaging at acquisition rates up to 4~Hz, even when the noise level exceeds the signal by an order of magnitude.
ABSTRACT Quantum imaging with undetected light has recently emerged as a technique in which quantum correlations and nonlinear interferometry are combined to decouple illumination and detection paths. This approach has been more recently extended and combined with digital phase‐shifting holography and off‐axis holography to extract both the amplitude and phase information of a sample relying on single‐photon interference. Despite these advantages, implementing the technique in real‐world scenarios where the observed system is subject to environmental noise and dynamic variations remains challenging. The primary limitation lies in the inability of quantum imaging systems to retrieve object information in real time under high‐noise conditions. Here, real‐time amplitude and phase imaging in noisy environments is experimentally demonstrated, building upon our previous implementation of quantum off‐axis holography. Our results demonstrate real‐time imaging at acquisition rates up to 4 Hz, even when the noise level exceeds the signal by an order of magnitude.
Quantum imaging with undetected light (QIUL) can retrieve amplitude and phase information of an object by exploiting the quantum correlations of photon-pairs generated through spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC), where the illumination and detection can be carried at very distinct wavelength ranges. This fact allows to benefit from a mature detection technology in the visible spectral range, while probing the object at a more exotic wavelength. Here we experimentally implement a QIUL approach with Fourier off-axis holography in a hybrid-type induced-coherence non-linear interferometer. Our approach reconstructs the amplitude and phase information of an object with a single shot in a wide-field configuration, being an alternative in front of techniques that require multiple acquisition frames, such as phase-shifting holography.
Quantum imaging with undetected light (QIUL) leverages the quantum correlations of photon pairs generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) to retrieve both amplitude and phase information of an object. This method enables illumination and detection at distinct wavelength ranges, utilizing advanced detection technology in the visible spectrum while probing the object at an exotic wavelength. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a QIUL technique incorporating Fourier off-axis holography within a hybrid-type induced-coherence nonlinear interferometer. Our approach reconstructs the amplitude and phase information of an object in a single shot using a wide-field configuration, presenting a viable alternative to multi-frame acquisition techniques such as phase-shifting holography.
Quantum Imaging with Undetected Light (QIUL) leverages the quantum correlations of photon pairs, generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), to extract both the amplitude and phase information of an object [1]. This process facilitates the simultaneous illumination and detection across a diverse spectral range, harnessing advanced detection technology within the visible spectrum while probing the object at an unconventional wavelength. In this study, we provide an experimental scheme of a QIUL that merges Fourier off-axis holography with a hybrid-type induced-coherence nonlinear interferometer [2], [3], combining a March-Zender and Michelson interferometer to be able to angle-tune the object and reference beams in a wider range of values, and therefore accessing to the full capabilities offered by the Fourier space [4], [5]. Our methodology in a wide-field configuration requires only a single-shot to reconstruct the amplitude and phase data of an object, thus introducing a strong alternative to sequential multi-frame acquisition techniques such as digital phase-shifting holography [6]. Figure 1 shows the image reconstruction process to extract the amplitude and phase information out of the single-photon hologram, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the hologram reveals the diffraction term containing the object information to be cropped and inverse Fourier transformed to extract a complex image from which the amplitude and phase are retrieved.
Holography exploits the interference of a light field reflected/transmitted from an object with a reference beam to obtain a reconstruction of the spatial shape of the object. Classical holography techniques have been very successful in diverse areas such as microscopy, manufacturing technology, and basic science. However, detection constraints for wavelengths outside the visible range restrict the applications for imaging and sensing in general. For overcoming these detection limitations, we implement phase-shifting holography with nonclassical states of light, where we exploit quantum interference between two-photon probability amplitudes in a nonlinear interferometer. We demonstrate that it allows retrieving the spatial shape (amplitude and phase) of the photons transmitted/reflected from the object and thus obtaining an image of the object despite those photons are never detected. Moreover, there is no need to use a well-characterized reference beam, since the two-photon scheme already makes use of one of the photons as reference for holography.