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arXiv:2512.17535

Advantages and disadvantages of maximally entangled states in dilaton black hole background

Zhen Yang, He Cheng, Si-Han Li

gr-qcquant-phSubmitted Dec 19, 2025• Announced Dec 22, 2025• 0 citations• Revised Jan 12, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Dec 19, 2025v2 · Jan 12, 2026
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Abstract

We investigate quantum entanglement and coherence for four classes of Bell-like fermionic states in the vicinity of the event horizon of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. Contrary to the common expectation that maximally entangled states always provide superior quantum resources, our results show that their entanglement can be lower than that of suitably chosen non-maximally entangled states in this curved spacetime background. This reveals that non-maximally entangled states may offer operational advantages for entanglement-based tasks under gravitational effects. In contrast, quantum coherence exhibits monotonic behavior: larger initial coherence leads to systematically enhanced robustness against the dilaton induced degradation. These results indicate that the optimal choice of initial quantum states depends sensitively on the specific quantum resource, either quantum entanglement or quantum coherence, required for quantum information processing near a dilaton black hole.

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21 pages, 3 figures

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We investigate quantum entanglement and coherence for four classes of Bell-like fermionic states in the vicinity of the event horizon of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. Contrary to the common expectation that maximally entangled states always provide superior quantum resources, our results show that their entanglement can be lower than that of suitably chosen non-maximally entangled states in this curved spacetime background. This reveals that non-maximally entangled states may offer operational advantages for entanglement-based tasks under gravitational effects. In contrast, quantum coherence exhibits monotonic behavior: larger initial coherence leads to systematically enhanced robustness against the dilaton induced degradation. These results indicate that the optimal choice of initial quantum states depends sensitively on the specific quantum resource, either quantum entanglement or quantum coherence, required for quantum information processing near a dilaton black hole.
We investigate quantum entanglement and coherence for four classes of Bell-like fermionic states in the vicinity of the event horizon of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. Contrary to the common expectation that maximally entangled states always provide superior quantum resources, our results show that their entanglement can be lower than that of suitably chosen non-maximally entangled states in this curved spacetime background. This reveals that non-maximally entangled states may offer operational advantages for entanglement-based tasks under gravitational effects. In contrast, quantum coherence exhibits monotonic behavior: larger initial coherence leads to systematically enhanced robustness against the dilaton induced degradation. These results indicate that the optimal choice of initial quantum states depends sensitively on the specific quantum resource, either quantum entanglement or quantum coherence, required for quantum information processing near a dilaton black hole.
Abstract It is commonly assumed that a maximally multipartite entangled state carries greater quantum resources than a non-maximally multipartite entangled state in the relativistic framework. In this work, we analyze genuine N-partite entanglement of fermionic modes near the event horizon of the Garfinkle–Horowitz–Strominger (GHS) black hole, quantified by concurrence. Remarkably, our results reveal that in dilaton spacetime the genuine multipartite entanglement of a maximally entangled state is actually smaller than that of a non-maximally entangled state. From the perspective of quantum resources, this implies that a non-maximally entangled state may outperform a maximally entangled one in the GHS black hole background, in clear contrast to previous expectations. Furthermore, given the experimental challenges in preparing a maximally entangled state and the relative feasibility of preparing a non-maximally entangled state, our findings suggest that employing a suitably chosen non-maximally entangled state as the initial resource in curved spacetime provides a more practical and advantageous strategy for quantum information tasks.
We investigate the influence of the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole on different quantum resources of Dirac fields beyond the single-mode approximation. By employing the negativity to characterize quantum entanglement and the l1l_1l1​-norm and the relative entropy of coherence to characterize quantum coherence, we demonstrate that these resources exhibit remarkably different responses to the gravitational field. Specifically, increasing the dilaton parameter continuously suppresses quantum entanglement, leaving only a finite residual amount in the strong-gravity regime, whereas quantum coherence is enhanced, indicating that the dilaton-induced spacetime affects nonlocal quantum correlations and local quantum superposition in fundamentally different ways. Furthermore, we show that an initially maximally entangled state does not always possess the largest negativity after propagating in the GHS dilaton spacetime; instead, under appropriate conditions, certain non-maximally entangled states can retain stronger entanglement than the maximally entangled one. These findings reveal the resource-dependent nature of gravitational effects in dilaton black hole backgrounds and provide new insights into the manipulation and protection of quantum resources for relativistic quantum information processing in curved spacetime.
Abstract It is commonly expected that maximally multipartite entangled states provide the richest quantum correlations and thus represent optimal quantum resources in the Schwarzschild black hole background. Here, by analyzing the genuine N-partite entanglement of fermionic modes near the event horizon, quantified via concurrence, we identify a counterintuitive phenomenon: in this curved spacetime, the genuine multipartite entanglement of a maximally entangled state can be lower than that of a suitably chosen non-maximally entangled state. This observation implies that, from the perspective of quantum resource efficiency, non-maximally entangled multipartite states may outperform their maximal counterparts for quantum information tasks under gravitational effects. Therefore, preparing appropriately engineered non-maximally entangled multipartite states as initial resources provides a more practical and effective approach to quantum information processing in Schwarzschild spacetime.
A bstract We study the N-partite coherences of GHZ and W states for free bosonic and fermionic fields when any n observers hover near the event horizon of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. We derive the more general analytical expressions for N-partite coherence, encompassing both physically accessible and inaccessible coherences in the context of the dilaton black hole. It has been found that the coherence of the bosonic field is greater than that of the fermionic field, while the entanglement of the fermionic field is greater than that of the bosonic field in dilaton spacetime. Additionally, the coherence of the W state is greater than that of the GHZ state, whereas the entanglement of the GHZ state is greater than that of the W state in curved spacetime. These results suggest that we should utilize suitable quantum resources and different types of particles for relativistic quantum information tasks.
It has traditionally been believed that fermionic entanglement generally outperforms bosonic entanglement in relativistic frameworks, and that bosonic entanglement experiences sudden death in extreme gravitational environments. In this study, we analyze the genuine N-partite entanglement, measured by negativity, of bosonic and fermionic GHZ states, focusing on scenarios where a subset of mmm (m<Nm<Nm<N) constituents interacts with Hawking radiation generated by a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. Surprisingly, we find that quantum entanglement between the non-gravitational and gravitational modes for the bosonic field is stronger than that in the same modes for the fermionic field within dilaton spacetime. This study challenges the traditional belief that ``fermionic entanglement always outperforms bosonic entanglement" in the relativistic framework. However, quantum entanglement between the gravitational modes and the combined gravitational and non-gravitational modes is weaker for the bosonic field than for the fermionic field in the presence of a dilaton black hole. Finally, the connection between the global N-partite entanglement in the bosonic field and that in the fermionic field is influenced by the gravitational field's intensity. Our study reveals the intrinsic relationship between quantum entanglement of bosonic and fermionic fields in curved spacetime from a new perspective, and provides theoretical guidance for selecting appropriate field-based quantum resources for relativistic quantum information tasks under extreme gravitational conditions.