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arXiv:2512.15967

Full-field-of-view aberration correction for large arrays of focused beams

Yohann Machu, Gautier Creutzer, Clément Sayrin, Michel Brune

physics.opticsquant-phSubmitted Dec 17, 2025• Announced Dec 19, 2025
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Abstract

We propose and implement an aberration correction method for the creation of extended arrays of spots well beyond the isoplanatic region of any optical system. The method relies on an extensive calibration of aberrations in terms of Zernike polynomials over the full accessible field of an optical system. We introduce a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm for generating holographic phase masks creating fully corrected arbitrary arrays of spots. By applying the method to an aspherical lens, and using a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM), we increase the aberration-free field of view from 50 to 500 $μ$m, only limited by the largest diffraction angles accessible to the SLM. This opens new perspectives for the generation of large arrays of optical tweezers, especially for neutral atom based quantum processors and simulators.

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9 pages,6 figures,

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We propose and implement an aberration correction method for the creation of extended arrays of spots well beyond the isoplanatic region of any optical system. The method relies on an extensive calibration of aberrations in terms of Zernike polynomials over the full accessible field of an optical system. We introduce a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm for generating holographic phase masks creating fully corrected arbitrary arrays of spots. By applying the method to an aspherical lens, and using a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM), we increase the aberration-free field of view from 50 to 500 μμμm, only limited by the largest diffraction angles accessible to the SLM. This opens new perspectives for the generation of large arrays of optical tweezers, especially for neutral atom based quantum processors and simulators.
Abstract Atom arrays generated by optical dipole traps are essential in quantum experiments, enabling precise manipulation and simulation of quantum states. They offer a competitive platform for quantum simulations due to their flexible configurations and local state addressability. However, preparing dipole-trap arrays within a vacuum chamber is challenged by the requirement for the laser beam to pass through multiple optical components which can induce deviations in the laser beam profile and cause aberrations in the system. To address this issue, we apply a holographic phase pattern to correct the aberration of an array of optical dipole traps according to these optical elements. We start with embedding the phase patterns into an SLM to generate the array of optical dipole traps. We then examine the aberrations induced by each optical element and develop methods for their correction. This is implemented by feeding back the modified phase pattern to restore the intended array pattern and eliminate aberrations using the modified Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm. This research enables the precise preparation of optical dipole trap arrays, which are crucial for future work in developing cold single-atom arrays prepared in a vacuum system.
Abstract High-precision preparation of holographic optical tweezers, which is a critical requirement for neutral atom quantum computing platforms, faces the challenge of system aberrations that degrade trap performance. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient aberration correction algorithm for wavefront-sensorless optical systems, based on correcting the relative lateral shift of diffracted light across spatial regions. Applied to a cold atomic system, this technique demonstrates active correction of aberrations up to several wavelengths, reducing them to a peak-to-valley difference of 0.19(3) λ . The diffraction spot quality and optical trap depth are significantly improved after aberration correction. Combined with subsequent array optimization, the technique enables the generation of uniform optical trap arrays with enhanced atom-loading efficiency. The method requires no prior wavefront information or additional hardware, utilizing only an SLM and a standard CCD camera. Its computational efficiency and hardware simplicity make it broadly applicable to fields such as laser lithography and microscopy.
It is widely believed that tens of thousands of physical qubits are needed to build a practically useful quantum computer. Atom arrays formed by optical tweezers are among the most promising platforms for achieving this goal, owing to the excellent scalability and mobility of atomic qubits. However, assembling a defect-free atom array with ~ 10^4 qubits remains algorithmically challenging, alongside other hardware limitations. This is due to the computationally hard path-planning problems and the time-consuming generation of suffciently smooth trajectories for optical tweezer potentials by spatial light modulators (SLM). Here, we present a unified framework comprising two innovative components to fully address these algorithmic challenges: (1) a path-planning module that employs a supervised learning approach using a graph neural network combined with a modified auction decoder, and (2) a potential-generation module called the phase and profile-aware Weighted Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. The inference time for the first module is nearly a size-independent constant overhead of ~ 5 ms, and the second module generates a potential frame with about 0.5 ms, a timescale shorter than the current commercial SLM refresh time. Altogether, our algorithm enables the assembly of an atom array with 10^4 qubits on a timescale much shorter than the typical vacuum lifetime of the trapped atoms.
High degree of adjustability enables the holographic tweezer array a versatile platform for creating an arbitrary geometrical atomic array. In holographic tweezer array experiments, an optical tweezer generated by a spatial light modulator (SLM) usually is used as a static tweezer array. However, the alternating current (AC) stark effect generally induces the intensity difference of traps in terms of different light shifts. So, intensity equalization is an essential prerequisite for preparing a many-body system with individually controlled atoms. Here, we report an intensity equalization algorithm. In particular, we observe the non-uniformity of the tweezer array is below 1.1% when the array size is larger than 1000. Our analysis shows that by optimizing the hardware performance of the optical system, this uniformity could be further improved. Our work offers the opportunities for large-scale quantum computation and simulation with reconfigurable atom arrays.
Dynamic holographic optical tweezers provide a programmable route to array assembly and reconfiguration essential for scalable neutral-atom quantum computation. However, phase mismatch between successive holograms can cause destructive interference during finite spatial light modulator (SLM) refresh. In this work, we analyze finite SLM refresh to establish a phase-stability criterion for prescribed trap amplitudes and develop a weighted-projective Gerchberg-Saxton (WPGS) method that efficiently approximates the corresponding phase-only complex-field optimization. Enforcing this phase constraint also reduces the number of iterations required for each update, achieving convergence within five iterations and enabling hologram generation within a few milliseconds. Numerical simulations of 2D and 3D reconfiguration involving more than 10310^3103 traps, together with nonuniform-intensity interlayer transport, show that WPGS preserves endpoint intensity quality while suppressing inter-frame phase mismatch, transient intensity degradation, trap splitting, and motional heating. Similar suppression of phase mismatch and transient-intensity degradation is maintained under Gaussian SLM-plane illumination. These results establish the phase-stability criterion as a practical design principle for dynamic holographic control and scalable neutral-atom array reconfiguration.
Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers. Currently, the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands. In atom arrays, scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers, and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond ∼10,000\sim 10,000∼10,000 tweezers. Moreover, these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots, which further complicates system integration and scalability. Here, we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280280\times 280280×280 spots using a metasurface, nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems. The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light, enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope. This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power. Furthermore, the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%90\%90%, making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,00010,00010,000 atoms in the near future.