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arXiv:2512.15072 · Physical Review Research

Quantum batteries in coherent Ising machine

Jin-Tian Zhang, Shuang-Quan Ma, Jing-Yi-Ran Jin, Tao Liu, Qing Ai

quant-phSubmitted Dec 17, 2025• Announced Dec 18, 2025• 0 citations• Revised May 20, 2026 (v2)
v1 · Dec 17, 2025v2 · May 20, 2026
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

With intensive studies of quantum thermodynamics, quantum batteries (QBs) have been proposed to store and transfer energy via quantum effects. Despite many theoretical models, decoherence remains a severe challenge and practical platforms are still rare. Here, we propose a QB based on the coherent Ising machine, in which the signal field acts as the core energy-storage unit. To clarify the role of quantum coherence in resisting dissipation, we decompose the ergotropy, i.e., the maximum extractable work from the QB, into its coherent and incoherent components. We find that the coherent part decays at a rate roughly half that of the incoherent part, exhibiting much stronger robustness against decoherence. More importantly, the coherent ergotropy and the average charging power reach their respective maxima at essentially the same moment, which defines the optimal instant to switch off the pump field. Finally, by coupling the QB to a two-level system as the load, we demonstrate an efficient energy discharge process of the proposed QB. Our work establishes a realistic and immediately-implementable QB architecture on a mature optical platform, laying a foundation for experimental exploration of quantum energy storage.

Journal reference
Jin-Tian Zhang, Shuang-Quan Ma, Jing-Yi-Ran Jin, Tao Liu, and Qing Ai, Quantum batteries in coherent Ising machine, Phys. Rev. Research 8, 023187 (2026)
DOI
10.1103/4bj4-4fpy
Comments
14 pages, 10 figures. Corresponding author: Qing Ai (aiqing@bnu.edu.cn)

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With intensive studies of quantum thermodynamics, quantum batteries (QBs) have been proposed to store and transfer energy via quantum effects. Despite many theoretical models, decoherence remains a severe challenge and practical platforms are still rare. Here, we propose a QB based on the coherent Ising machine, in which the signal field acts as the core energy-storage unit. To clarify the role of quantum coherence in resisting dissipation, we decompose the ergotropy, i.e., the maximum extractable work from the QB, into its coherent and incoherent components. We find that the coherent part decays at a rate roughly half that of the incoherent part, exhibiting much stronger robustness against decoherence. More importantly, the coherent ergotropy and the average charging power reach their respective maxima at essentially the same moment, which defines the optimal instant to switch off the pump field. Finally, by coupling the QB to a two-level system as the load, we demonstrate an efficient energy discharge process of the proposed QB. Our work establishes a realistic and immediately-implementable QB architecture on a mature optical platform, laying a foundation for experimental exploration of quantum energy storage.
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Quantum batteries (QBs), acting as energy storage devices, have potential applications in future quantum science and technology. However, the QBs inevitably losses energy due to their interaction with environment. How to enhance the performance of the QBs in the open-system case remains an important challenge. Here we propose a scheme to realize the driven-dissipative QBs in atom-waveguide-QED systems and demonstrate significant improvements in both the stored energy and extractable work (ergotropy) of the QBs via feedback control. For a single-atom QB, we show that combining the measurement and coherent feedback controls enables nearly perfect stable charging under the weak coherent driving. For the QB array, the measurement-based feedback allows us to control different dynamical phases in the thermodynamic limit: (i) a continuous boundary time-crystal phase, where persistent periodic energy charge-discharge oscillations emerge despite the presence of the dissipation into the waveguide, and (ii) two stationary phases -- one reaches full charge while the other maintains only small energy storage. This work broadens the scope of driven-dissipative QBs and provides practical strategies for enhancing their performance.
A quantum battery (QB) is an energy storage and extraction device that is governed by the principles of quantum mechanics. Here we propose a three-level Dicke QB and investigate its charging process by considering three quantum optical states: a Fock state, a coherent state, and a squeezed state. The performance of the QB in a coherent state is significantly superior to that in a Fock or squeezed state. We show that the locked energy is positively related to the entanglement between the charger and the battery, and diminishing the entanglement increases the ergotropy. The role of quantum phase transitions in the charging process of the QB system is analyzed and we find that the behavior of maximum stored energy is jointly determined by ground and excited-state quantum phase transitions. We further demonstrate that, no matter what the initial state is, the stored energy can be completely extracted when NNN is small (N=10N=10N=10), far below the thermodynamic limit, and the charging power follows a behavior consistent with that of the stored energy.
This paper discusses the evolving dynamics of a quantum battery (QB) model consisting of two qubits interacting with a cavity field via multi-photon transitions. Employing the Lindblad master equation to account for dissipative effects, we investigated energy charging, charging power, ergotropy, and energy fluctuations to ascertain optimal conditions for efficient energy storage and extraction. Our results elucidate that lower photon numbers and moderate coherent state result in higher energy peaks and more stable storage. The charging power underscores the significance of maximizing initial energy transfer rates while mitigating rapid power decay. Ergotropy, representing the maximum extractable energy, is highly sensitive to dissipation rates, with elevated photon numbers enhancing charging efficiency but reducing stability. Energy fluctuation reveals that systems with higher photon numbers exhibit greater instability, emphasizing the necessity for controlling dissipation to preserve energy stability.