This study aims to introduce the FRQI Pairs method to a wider audience, a novel approach to image classification using Quantum Recurrent Neural Networks (QRNN) with Flexible Representation for Quantum Images (FRQI). The study highlights an innovative approach to use quantum encoded data for an image classification task, suggesting that such quantum-based approaches could significantly reduce the complexity of quantum algorithms. Comparison of the FRQI Pairs method with contemporary techniques underscores the promise of integrating quantum computing principles with neural network architectures for the development of quantum machine learning.
Journal reference
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT), IEEE, 2025
This is the accepted version of a paper published in the Proceedings of the 2025 11th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT). The final published version is available at IEEE Xplore
This study aims to introduce the FRQI Pairs method to a wider audience, a novel approach to image classification using Quantum Recurrent Neural Networks (QRNN) with Flexible Representation for Quantum Images (FRQI). The study highlights an innovative approach to use quantum encoded data for an image classification task, suggesting that such quantum-based approaches could significantly reduce the complexity of quantum algorithms. Comparison of the FRQI Pairs method with contemporary techniques underscores the promise of integrating quantum computing principles with neural network architectures for the development of quantum machine learning.
Image classification is an important task in many practical applications. Recently, there have been various works on classification problems using quantum neural network (QNN). Different data encoders have been investigated, but efficient quantum encoding schemes for high-dimensional data such as images are still an open question. In this study, we investigate popular representation formats of quantum images, namely FRQI and NEQR, as data encoders for quantum neural networks. It is found that the FRQI format not only provides the best classification accuracy compared to NEQR and other popular encoding methods but also is consistent across different circuit depths of QNN. It should be noted that FRQI is notorious for its probabilistic representation in quantum image processing. The finding of this study is interesting because FRQI can play an important role in the field of quantum machine learning.
Classification is a core application of quantum machine learning. This study aims at the problems existing in current pure quantum classifiers, such as the large number of consumed qubits and the unsatisfactory performance in multi-classification tasks. Based on the flexible representation of quantum images (FRQI), a new quantum circuit model QCCE that can be used for multi-classification tasks is constructed by introducing additional measurement qubits and connecting them to the color qubit bits. This model not only inherits the encoding advantages of FRQI, enabling it to encode high-dimensional image inputs with a relatively small number of qubits, but also has all trainable parameters in the quantum circuit, with classical computing only providing the loss function and optimizer. Experiments on datasets such as MNIST and Fashion MNIST have shown that in multi-classification tasks like three, four, and five-class classifications, the QCCE model demonstrates obvious advantages over similar quantum circuit models such as HEA and MORE in terms of classification accuracy and convergence speed. The research in this study provides new ideas and methods for the application of quantum machine learning in image processing.
Quantum image processing represents a transformative approach to visual data analysis, leveraging the principles of quantum computing to overcome classical limitations. This work explores two prominent quantum image encoding methods: FRQI (Flexible Representation of Quantum Images) and NEQR (Novel Enhanced Quantum Representation). FRQI excels in qubit efficiency, making it suitable for hardware implementation, while NEQR offers superior precision in pixel intensity representation, ideal for complex image processing tasks. We detail the implementation of these algorithms, including preprocessing, quantum circuit design, and simulation, using platforms like Qiskit. The study highlights the potential of quantum image processing in fields such as medicine, industry, and environmental monitoring, while addressing challenges like qubit limitations and noise sensitivity. This research contributes to advancing quantum computing applications, paving the way for innovative and sustainable technological solutions.
Quantum Image Representation (QIR) has become a key component of Quantum Image Processing (QIP), enabling the encoding and manipulation of visual data within quantum computing environments.Its integration with Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) and Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has attracted significant research interest due to the potential advantages of quantum parallelism and compact data representation.This survey reviews major QIR techniques, analyzes their encoding strategies and computational characteristics, and examines their opportunities, challenges, and future relevance in quantum AI and machine learning applications.A systematic review of 70 peer-reviewed journal and conference publications published between 1992 and 2025 was conducted.The selected studies were evaluated based on encoding mechanisms, qubit requirements, circuit complexity, retrieval capability, scalability, and suitability for quantum image processing and learning tasks.The review covers prominent QIR models, including FRQI, NEQR, MCQI, QPIE, GQIR, QRMW, and tensor-network-based representations.Comparative analysis reveals important trade-offs between qubit efficiency, encoding complexity, retrieval accuracy, and scalability.Amplitude-based approaches provide compact image encoding but suffer from probabilistic retrieval, whereas basis-state representations offer deterministic recovery at the expense of increased circuit complexity.QIR demonstrates significant potential in image classification, feature extraction, image compression, and hybrid quantum-classical learning frameworks.QIR provides a promising foundation for next-generation quantum-enhanced visual intelligence systems.However, practical implementation remains constrained by state preparation overhead, noise, decoherence, limited qubit availability, and the lack of standardized evaluation frameworks.Future research should focus on scalable encoding methods, fault-tolerant quantum architectures, benchmarking standards, and deeper integration with advanced QML models to accelerate the development of practical quantum image analytics.
The domain of image classification has been seen to be dominated by high-performing deep-learning (DL) architectures. However, the success of this field, as seen over the past decade, has resulted in the complexity of modern methodologies scaling exponentially, commonly requiring millions of parameters. Quantum computing (QC) is an active area of research aimed toward greatly reducing problems of complexity faced in classical computing. With growing interest toward quantum machine learning (QML) for applications of image classification, many proposed algorithms require usage of numerous qubits. In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, these circuits may not always be feasible to execute effectively; therefore, we should aim to use each qubit as effectively and efficiently as possible, before adding additional qubits. This article proposes a new single-qubit-based deep quantum neural network for image classification that mimics traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) techniques, resulting in a reduced number of parameters compared with previous works. Our aim is to prove the concept of the initial proposal by demonstrating classification performance of the single-qubit-based architecture, as well as to provide a tested foundation for further development. To demonstrate this, our experiments were conducted using various datasets including MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, and ORL face datasets. To further our proposal in the context of the NISQ era, our experiments were intentionally conducted in noisy simulation environments. Initial test results appear promising, with classification accuracies of 94.6%, 89.5%, and 82.5% achieved on the subsets of MNIST, FMNIST, and ORL face datasets, respectively. In addition, proposals for further investigation and development were considered, where it is hoped that these initial results can be improved.
The unprecedented progress in the domain of quantum computing in the last few years has influenced researchers around the globe to solve multitudes of problems in this promising computing technology. This power of the quantum computer has allowed multitudes of computationally hard problems to be sped up exponentially over their classical counterparts. Along with such power, another promising application of quantum computing has been found in image processing and machine learning. Researches in both quantum image processing and quantum machine learning are still in their infancy but promise exceptional power over its classical counterparts. In this thesis, neural networks will be trained to determine parameters for various parametric quantum circuits to perform important classification tasks, such as image classification. But for image classification, features from the images must also be extracted and epresented in terms of qubits, requiring convolutional layers tailored for quantum techniques. This thesis aims to find good quantum convolutional neural network architectures for image classification with higher accuracy. This is still challenging due to increased cost and error with a higher number of qubits within a system. This thesis is expected to be important in the future direction of the research of quantum CNN.