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arXiv:2511.07848 · AVS Quantum Science

Secure and Efficient n-Qubit Entangled State Teleportation Using Partially Entangled GHZ Channels and Optimal POVM

Animesh Banik, Md. Shihab Khan, Rafid Masrur Khan, Syed Emad Uddin Shubha, Mahdy Rahman Chowdhury

quant-phSubmitted Nov 11, 2025• Announced Nov 12, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We introduce an efficient and versatile quantum teleportation protocol for specific types of n-qubit entangled states. By employing a partially entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state as the quantum channel and an optimal Positive Operator-Valued Measure (POVM) based on an improved reciprocal state formulation, we achieve unambiguous state discrimination. The scheme has been generalized to support various entangled state configurations and demonstrates a notable reduction in classical communication costs for these states compared to standard Bell-basis teleportation. Its capacity for integration with conventional protocols is pivotal, enhancing quantum hop-by-hop communication security by allowing strategic choices in quantum channel and teleportation strategy

Journal reference
AVS Quantum Science 7, 033801 (2025)
DOI
10.1116/5.0284072
Comments
19 pages, 6 figures, Author accepted manuscript (AAM) of the article published in AVS Quantum Science 7, 033801 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1116/5.0220341

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We introduce an efficient and versatile quantum teleportation protocol for specific types of n-qubit entangled states. By employing a partially entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state as the quantum channel and an optimal Positive Operator-Valued Measure (POVM) based on an improved reciprocal state formulation, we achieve unambiguous state discrimination. The scheme has been generalized to support various entangled state configurations and demonstrates a notable reduction in classical communication costs for these states compared to standard Bell-basis teleportation. Its capacity for integration with conventional protocols is pivotal, enhancing quantum hop-by-hop communication security by allowing strategic choices in quantum channel and teleportation strategy
Quantum teleportation is of significant meaning in quantum information. In this paper, we study the probabilistic teleportation of a two-qubit entangled state via a partially entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state when the quantum channel information is only available to the sender. We formulate it as an unambiguous state discrimination problem and derive exact optimal positive-operator valued measure (POVM) operators for maximizing the probability of unambiguous discrimination. Only one three-qubit POVM for the sender, one two-qubit unitary operation for the receiver, and two cbits for outcome notification are required in this scheme. The unitary operation is given in the form of a concise formula, and the fidelity is calculated. The scheme is further extended to more general case for transmitting a two-qubit entangled state prepared in arbitrary form. We show this scheme is flexible and applicable in the hop-by-hop teleportation situation.
Quantum teleportation has significant meaning in quantum information. In particular, entangled states can also be used for perfectly teleporting the quantum state with some probability. This is more practical and efficient in practice. In this paper, we propose schemes to use non-symmetric quantum channel combinations for probabilistic teleportation of an arbitrary two-qubit quantum state from sender to receiver. The non-symmetric quantum channel is composed of a two-qubit partially entangled state and a three-qubit partially entangled state, where partially entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and W state are considered, respectively. All schemes are presented in detail and the unitary operations required are given in concise formulas. Methods are provided for reducing classical communication cost and combining operations to simplify the manipulation. Moreover, our schemes are flexible and applicable in different situations.
Quantum teleportation is important for quantum communication. We propose a protocol that uses a partially entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state for single hop teleportation. Quantum teleportation will succeed if the sender makes a Bell state measurement, and the receiver performs the Hadamard gate operation, applies appropriate Pauli operators, introduces an auxiliary particle, and applies the corresponding unitary matrix to recover the transmitted state.We also present a protocol to realize multiple teleportation of partially entangled GHZ state without an auxiliary particle. We show that the success probability of the teleportation is always 0 when the number of teleportations is odd. In order to improve the success probability of a multihop, we introduce the method used in our single hop teleportation, thus proposing a multiple teleportation protocol using auxiliary particles and a unitary matrix. The final success probability is shown to be improved significantly for the method without auxiliary particles for both an odd or even number of teleportations.
The combination of quantum communication technology and wireless networks brings a flexible and secure communication method, which adapts to a more complex network environment. In this paper, a new multi-hop teleportation scheme is investigated for transferring an unknown qutrit state between distant parties. The intermediate nodes are introduced and linked with each other via partially entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states as quantum channels. In this multi-hop teleportation protocol, the source node and all the intermediate nodes can perform the entanglement measurement and transmit the measurement results simultaneously. Furthermore, we find the relationship between the measurement results and the receiver’s state, which is given as the matrix form. Compared with previous protocols for multi-hop transmission, our scheme can reduce the transmission delay and save the transmission overhead.
Quantum teleportation is a cornerstone protocol for future quantum networks and distributed quantum com- puting. However, scaling teleportation to an arbitrary N- qubit state using conventional methods, which require N separate Bell pairs, presents a significant challenge in terms of both quantum and classical resource overhead. This paper introduces a novel and resource-efficient protocol for tele- porting an arbitrary N-qubit state using a single, pre-shared (N+1)-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. Our approach reduces the required entangled channel qubits and classical communication bits from O(2N) to N+1, offering a substantial improvement in communication efficiency. The protocol mechanism involves a sequence of local and non-local CNOT gates performed by the sender (Alice), followed by local measurements on her N+1 qubits. The N+1 classical measurement outcomes are then transmitted to the receiver (Bob), who recovers the original quantum state by applying a specific corrective unitary transformation U-f, followed by a set of conditional Pauli gates. We provide a high-level proof of the protocol’s correctness and show that the corrective trans- formation U-f can be implemented efficiently using only local operations on the receiver’s side. Recognizing the practical difficulty of implementing non-local quantum gates between spatially separated nodes, we also propose a modified scheme to enhance near-term feasibility. This practical approach re- locates the non-local operations to a co-located preparation phase, thereby trading the formidable challenge of non-local interactions for a high-fidelity quantum memory requirement. This work analyzes the critical trade-offs between communication efficiency and operational complexity, presenting a vi- able alternative for designing scalable and resource-optimized quantum communication systems.
Quantum teleportation is of significant meaning in quantum information. We study the probabilistic teleportation of unknown two-qubit entangled state utilizing non-maximally entangled GHZ state as quantum channel. We formulate it as unambiguous state discrimination problem and derive exact optimal POVM operator for maximizing the success probability of unambiguous state discrimination. Only one three-qubit POVM for the sender, one two-qubit unitary operation for the receiver and two cbits for outcome notification are required in this scheme. The unitary operation is given in the form of concise formula and average fidelity is calculated. We show that our scheme is applicable in the situation where the information of quantum channel is only available for the sender.