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arXiv:2510.09120 · Physical Review Letters

Parametric Drive of a Double Quantum Dot in a Cavity

Lucas Jarjat, B Hue, T. Philippe-Kagan, B. Neukelmance, J. Craquelin, A. Théry, C. Fruy, G. Abulizi, Jeanne Becdelievre, M. M. Desjardins, Takis Kontos, Matthieu R. Delbecq

Published Sep 22, 2025• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate the parametric modulation of a double quantum dot charge dipole coupled to a cavity, at the cavity frequency, achieving an amplified readout signal compared to conventional dispersive protocols. Our findings show that the observed cavity field displacement originates from dipole radiation within the cavity, rather than from a longitudinal coupling mechanism, yet exhibits the same signatures while relying on a transverse coupling. By carefully tuning the phase and amplitude of the intracavity field, we achieve a π-phase shift between two dipole states, resulting in a substantial enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition to its applications in quantum dot based qubits in circuit QED architectures, this protocol could serve as a new promising tool for probing exotic electronic states in mesoscopic circuits embedded in cavities.

DOI
10.1103/d8z6-x7pv

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We demonstrate the parametric modulation of a double quantum dot charge dipole coupled to a cavity, at the cavity frequency, achieving an amplified readout signal compared to conventional dispersive protocols. Our findings show that the observed cavity field displacement originates from dipole radiation within the cavity, rather than from a longitudinal coupling mechanism, yet exhibits the same signatures while relying on a transverse coupling. By carefully tuning the phase and amplitude of the intracavity field, we achieve a π-phase shift between two dipole states, resulting in a substantial enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition to its applications in quantum dot based qubits in circuit QED architectures, this protocol could serve as a new promising tool for probing exotic electronic states in mesoscopic circuits embedded in cavities.
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Coupling double-quantum-dot circuits to microwave cavities provides a powerful means to control, couple, and manipulate qubits based on the charge or spin of individual electrons. Here, we revisit this standard configuration by adding superconductivity to the circuit. We combine theory and experiment to study a superconductor--double-quantum-dot circuit coupled to microwave cavity photons. First, we use the cavity as a spectroscopic probe. This allows us to determine the low-energy spectrum of the device and to reveal directly Cooper-pair-assisted tunneling between the two dots. Second, we observe a vacuum Rabi splitting which is a signature of strong charge photon coupling and a premiere with carbon-nanotube-based quantum-dot circuits. We show that our circuit design intrinsically combines a set of key features to achieve the strong coupling regime to the cavity. A low charging energy reduces the device sensitivity to charge noise, while sufficient coupling is provided by the shaping of the spectrum of the double quantum dot by the superconducting reservoir. Our findings could be adapted to many other circuit designs and shed light on the coupling of superconducting nanoscale devices to microwave fields.
In microwave-based quantum circuits, including double quantum dots (DQDs), superconducting qubits and spin qubits, parametric amplifiers are indispensable in achieving high-fidelity qubit readouts. Despite its importance, the application of parametric amplifiers is hampered by several challenges, such as high insertion losses, constrained tunability, and a pronounced vulnerability to magnetic fields. Here, we demonstrate an on-site single-atom parametric amplifier (SAPA) within a reconfigurable quantum circuit, which consists of a superconducting microwave cavity and two GaAs gate-defined DQDs. Leveraging the inherent nonlinearity of the DQD, a parametric gain exceeding 11 dB is achieved. This gain contributes to enhance the qubit readout, as evidenced by exceeding two times improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when employing the DQD-based amplifier for reading out another DQD. Our work not only presents a versatile experimental platform with enhanced readout capabilities in quantum computing, but also introduces alternative choices of parametric amplifiers for a variety of microwave-based quantum circuits.
Robust manipulation and control of quantum systems require a fast and efficient way to read out their state. After cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) pioneered the manipulation of neutral atoms and ions with light, circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) became the dominant readout paradigm for artificial atoms such as superconducting circuits, with dispersive readout widely adopted for its stability and efficiency.Recently, longitudinal readout has emerged as a potentially faster readout protocol, but relies on sophisticated parametric modulation, whose underlying mechanisms have remained unclear so far.Longitudinal interactions have been demonstrated across platforms ranging from superconducting qubits to quantum dots, and rely on driving the qubit at the resonator frequency. In different regimes, the coupling emerges parametrically in the drive strength, growing linearly as the drive increases.In this manuscript, we experimentally demonstrate the breakdown of this parametric regime in a two-level quantum dot charge qubit and devise a unifying Floquet theory to establish a universal connection between AC Stark shift, longitudinal coupling and dispersive readout in cQED.We derive analytical results supported by exact numerical simulations that we apply to superconducting and spin-hybrid cQED systems, showcasing the flexibility of faster-than-dispersive longitudinal readout.Inspired by cQED’s readout capabilities in single qubit measurements, we address many-body state readout in quantum simulators.Since the dynamical structure factor (DSF) encodes key information about density excitations in quantum systems, we propose Many-Body Admittance Spectroscopy (MADS) as a weakly invasive method to probe the DSF by analyzing the transmission coefficients of microwave signals coupled to the quantum simulator.We demonstrate the approach on a one-dimensional spinless fermionic chain, representative of quantum dot implementations of the Heisenberg model, and we discuss, supported by numerical simulations obtained using exact diagonalization and density matrix renormalization group (DMRG), the possibility to measure the qualitative modifications of the DSF caused by interactions. Our results highlight the potential of MADS for characterizing the dynamical properties in highly tunable solid-state quantum simulators, extending the toolbox for the readout of quantum simulators.
Semiconductor quantum dots in silicon demonstrate exceptionally long spin lifetimes as qubits and are therefore promising candidates for quantum information processing. However, control and readout techniques for these devices have thus far employed low frequency electrons, in contrast to high speed temperature readout techniques used in other qubit architectures, and coupling between multiple quantum dot qubits has not been satisfactorily addressed.This dissertation presents the design and characterization of a semiconductor charge qubit based on double quantum dot in silicon with an integrated microwave resonator for control and readout. The 6 GHz resonator is designed to achieve strong coupling with the quantum dot qubit, allowing the use of circuit QED control and readout techniques which have not previously been applicable to semiconductor qubits. To achieve this coupling, this document demonstrates successful operation of a novel silicon double quantum dot design with a single active metallic layer and a coplanar stripline resonator with a bias tee for dc excitation.Experiments presented here demonstrate quantum localization and measurement of both electrons on the quantum dot and photons in the resonator. Further, it is shown that the resonator-qubit coupling in these devices is sufficient to reach the strong coupling regime of circuit QED. The details of a measurement setup capable of performing simultaneous low noise measurements of the resonator and quantum dot structure are also presented here.The ultimate aim of this research is to integrate the long coherence times observed in electron spins in silicon with the sophisticated readout architectures available in circuit QED based quantum information systems. This would allow superconducting qubits to be coupled directly to semiconductor qubits to create hybrid quantum systems with separate quantum memory and processing components.