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arXiv:2510.06384

Harnessing Environmental Noise for Quantum Energy Storage

B. Ahmadi, Aravinth Balaji Ravichandran, Paweł Mazurek, Shabir Barzanjeh, Paweł Horodecki

Published Oct 7, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum hardware increasingly relies on energy reserves that can later be converted into useful work; yet, most battery-like proposals demand coherent drives or engineered non-equilibrium resources, limiting practicality in noisy settings. We develop an autonomous charging paradigm in which an ensemble of identical two-level units, collectively coupled to a thermal environment, acquires work capacity without any external control. The common bath mediates interference between emission and absorption pathways, steering the many-body state away from passivity and into a steady regime with nonzero extractable work. The full charging dynamics and closed-form expressions are obtained for the steady-state, showing favorable scaling with the number of cells that approach the many-body optimum. We show that the mechanism is robust to local noise: under a convex mixture of collective and local dissipation, non-zero steady-state ergotropy persists, exhibits counterintuitive finite-temperature optima, and remains operative when the collective channel is comparable to or stronger than the local one. We show that environmental fluctuations can be harnessed to realize drive-free, scalable quantum batteries compatible with circuit- and cavity-QED platforms. Used as local work buffers, such batteries could potentially enable rapid ancilla reset, bias dissipative stabilizer pumps, and reduce syndrome-extraction overhead in fault-tolerant quantum computing.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2510.06384

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Quantum hardware increasingly relies on energy reserves that can later be converted into useful work; yet, most battery-like proposals demand coherent drives or engineered non-equilibrium resources, limiting practicality in noisy settings. We develop an autonomous charging paradigm in which an ensemble of identical two-level units, collectively coupled to a thermal environment, acquires work capacity without any external control. The common bath mediates interference between emission and absorption pathways, steering the many-body state away from passivity and into a steady regime with nonzero extractable work. The full charging dynamics and closed-form expressions are obtained for the steady-state, showing favorable scaling with the number of cells that approach the many-body optimum. We show that the mechanism is robust to local noise: under a convex mixture of collective and local dissipation, non-zero steady-state ergotropy persists, exhibits counterintuitive finite-temperature optima, and remains operative when the collective channel is comparable to or stronger than the local one. We show that environmental fluctuations can be harnessed to realize drive-free, scalable quantum batteries compatible with circuit- and cavity-QED platforms. Used as local work buffers, such batteries could potentially enable rapid ancilla reset, bias dissipative stabilizer pumps, and reduce syndrome-extraction overhead in fault-tolerant quantum computing.
Suppressing coherent energy backflow while maintaining extractable energy in a stable nonequilibrium state remains a central challenge for quantum energy storage. Here, we introduce a reservoir-engineered dual-charger quantum battery architecture, in which nonequilibrium dissipation is exploited as a control resource to stabilize useful stored energy. A hot-reservoir-coupled driver supplies excitations, while a cold-reservoir-coupled cache biases the resonant three-body transition toward charging and suppresses the dressed-state coherences responsible for energy backflow. This mechanism establishes a population-inverted steady state with finite ergotropy and converts reversible charger--battery exchange into persistent energy storage. For uniformly spaced multilevel batteries, we show that the stored energy and ergotropy scale approximately linearly with the number of accessible levels, while the stored-energy utilization approaches unity. The accompanying stationary heat current provides a thermodynamic signature of the charging regime. Our results demonstrate dissipation engineering as a strategy for achieving stable and scalable quantum energy storage beyond transient coherent charging protocols.
We investigate a two-qubit quantum battery where coherent charger-battery coupling competes with non-Markovian environmental interactions. By tuning the coupling strengths and detuning, we identify regimes in which environmental memory enhances energy storage and charging power, while strong dissipation suppresses ergotropy by driving the battery into passive states. We show that detuning plays a dual role: reducing dissipation and inducing a phase shift in the memory kernel that controls the interference between coherent energy exchange and environment-induced backflow. As a result, although the stored energy varies smoothly, the extractable work exhibits a discontinuous onset at a critical detuning, signaling a first-order phase transition in ergotropy. The corresponding phase diagram in the coupling-detuning plane reveals a sharp boundary between thermodynamically inactive and work-producing regimes. Our results demonstrate that phase-controlled coherence and non-Markovianity provide a powerful mechanism for optimizing work extraction in open quantum batteries, offering practical strategies for noise-resilient quantum energy storage.
We investigate work extraction in open quantum batteries composed of interacting spin chains weakly coupled to engineered environments. Focusing on two- and four-qubit XX models initially prepared in thermal Gibbs states, we analyze how dissipation and dephasing, acting either locally or collectively, can generate and shape ergotropy during both transient and steady-state dynamics. By introducing a continuous interpolation between parallel and collective noise channels, we systematically characterize the impact of environmental structure on work extractability. We show that purely dissipative dynamics can activate finite ergotropy from completely passive thermal states, giving rise to temperature-dependent transient regimes where hotter initial states temporarily outperform colder ones in an ergotropic Mpemba-like fashion. In contrast, collective dissipation leads to steady states whose passivity crucially depends on the initial temperature and system size, a behavior we trace back to the emergence of non-trivial dark subspaces. Finally, we demonstrate that dephasing channels suppress both transient advantages and steady-state work extraction, highlighting the qualitative difference between dissipative and dephasing environments.
Realistic work extraction from many-body quantum batteries must be local. However, only a small fraction of energy eigenstates of a generic many-body system, called scars, can support local extraction. The remaining bulk is useless for the task due to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. Here we devise a universal low-complexity protocol that steers any initial state towards exactly one scar---representing a charged state of the battery---from which a macroscopic amount of work can be extracted using local unitary operations. This is achieved by leveraging the nontrivial interplay of engineered dissipation and continuous indirect measurement that, in addition, leads to enhanced stability and charging speed compared to any other strategy using these processes independently. Moreover, the protocol works directly on the hardware level, in that it requires no simulation or suppression of interactions between subsystems. Our construction thereby enables macroscopic charge storage in steady states of generic nonintegrable many-body systems indefinitely, from which a reliable stream of work can be extracted via purely local means.
In this dissertation, we investigate the charging and discharging dynamics of a quantum battery composed of a collectively driven ensemble of NNN identical two level systems coupled to a structured electromagnetic environment. The system is described using collective angular momentum operators in the Dicke basis, which provides a compact and physically transparent framework for analyzing collective light-matter interactions. Rather than treating dissipation as an unwanted source of loss, we explicitly use it as a mechanism for energy storage and work extraction. Starting from a coherently driven ensemble coupled to common reservoirs, we derive a master equation in Lindblad form under the Born-Markov and secular approximations. In the dressed-state basis, spontaneous emission induces irreversible transitions that can increase the energy stored in the bare basis. We obtain analytic expressions for the steady state, including the stored energy and the ergotropy, and identify parameter regimes where substantial collective coherence is generated. A central result of this work is the demonstration that, in the extensive regime where the total energy scales linearly with NNN and relative fluctuations vanish, the charging power scales as N2N^2N2. This quadratic enhancement scaling exceeds the N3/2N^{3/2}N3/2 limit previously established for purely Hamiltonian charging protocols of noninteracting Dicke batteries in the same regime. We show that this enhancement is consistent with quantum speed limits for open-system dynamics and originates from collectively enhanced dissipative processes analogous to superradiance. We further analyze the extraction process and show that the charged steady state stores not only energy but a macroscopic collective dipole moment. This coherence enables rapid energy release through either collective spontaneous emission or stimulated emission driven by an external coherent field. In the appropriate large NNN extensive regime, the stored energy can become fully extractable in principle, and the discharging power also exhibits N2N^2N2 scaling. These results establish that dissipative protocols can provide a genuine collective advantage over Hamiltonian schemes in the extensive regime, while also highlighting the interplay between enhanced collective power and the conditions required to achieve high extractable energy.
This study examines the steady state characteristics of work extraction in a two cell and three cell quantum battery interacting with multiple thermal reservoirs. Employing the quantum master equation framework within the Born-Markov approximation, we explore the non equilibrium dynamics governing energy storage and extraction in the system. Our analysis focuses on the influence of thermal gradients across the reservoirs and the impact of inter cell coupling strength on the battery performance. The findings demonstrate that an increase in the middle reservoir temperature substantially enhances the extractable work, underscoring the pivotal role of thermal bath amplification in optimizing energy storage efficiency. Furthermore, we uncover a non trivial relationship between ergotropy and the coupling strength among the quantum cells, revealing the existence of an optimal coupling regime that maximizes energy extraction. Beyond this threshold, excessive coupling induces energy localization, thereby diminishing the system efficiency. These insights provide a theoretical foundation for the strategic design of high performance quantum batteries by harnessing thermal gradients and interaction driven control mechanisms.