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arXiv:2510.00108

Passive detection of Schwinger boson dynamics via a qubit

Ioannis Petrides, Arpit Arora, Prineha Narang

Published Sep 30, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The quantum sensing landscape has been revolutionized by advanced technologies like superconducting circuits and qubit-based systems which have furthered the ability to probe and understand fundamental properties of quantum matter. Here, we propose an integrated photonic device where a transmon qubit capacitively couples to a microwave cross-resonator, and the setup is employed for sensing of time reversal broken order in materials. In this sensing scheme, the transmon qubit plays a dual role as both a control element and a passive detector, while the photonic cross-resonator serves as the host for the sample, enabling a contact-free spectroscopic method suitable for studying materials where reliable electrical contacts are challenging to obtain, e.g., in van der Waal 2D heterostructures. We show that by tuning the coupling strength and phase between the transmon and the cross-resonator, the system allows selective control over the interaction dynamics and leads to a highly sensitive detection method that can be compactly understood in terms of evolution of excited state population and quantum metric of the resonator-transmon hybrid state. This architecture has the potential to host a wide range of quantum phenomena that can be precisely encoded in the dynamics of the transmon qubit and, in this way, potentially allows access to elusive aspects of correlated materials.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2510.00108

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The quantum sensing landscape has been revolutionized by advanced technologies like superconducting circuits and qubit-based systems which have furthered the ability to probe and understand fundamental properties of quantum matter. Here, we propose an integrated photonic device where a transmon qubit capacitively couples to a microwave cross-resonator, and the setup is employed for sensing of time reversal broken order in materials. In this sensing scheme, the transmon qubit plays a dual role as both a control element and a passive detector, while the photonic cross-resonator serves as the host for the sample, enabling a contact-free spectroscopic method suitable for studying materials where reliable electrical contacts are challenging to obtain, e.g., in van der Waal 2D heterostructures. We show that by tuning the coupling strength and phase between the transmon and the cross-resonator, the system allows selective control over the interaction dynamics and leads to a highly sensitive detection method that can be compactly understood in terms of evolution of excited state population and quantum metric of the resonator-transmon hybrid state. This architecture has the potential to host a wide range of quantum phenomena that can be precisely encoded in the dynamics of the transmon qubit and, in this way, potentially allows access to elusive aspects of correlated materials.
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This thesis investigates hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) as a versatile platform that unites superconducting resonators with semiconductor quantum dots. The central motivation is to harness strong light-matter coupling at the single-photon level, which enables coherent photon-qubit interactions and paves the way for quantum technologies in computation, communication, and sensing. The first part of this work combines hybrid cQED with holes in planar Ge/SiGe, a material system that has only recently become accessible for quantum devices. Planar Ge offers unique advantages for this purpose and has attracted considerable attention in the context of quantum computing. In contrast, its potential for hybrid cQED has remained largely unexplored, making the present work one of the first demonstrations of strong light-matter interaction in this platform. Within this framework, we demonstrate strong charge-photon coupling in planar Ge by observing vacuum Rabi splitting between a hole charge qubit based on a double quantum dot (DQD) and a microwave resonator. We employ a frequency-tunable high-impedance resonator to perform qubit spectroscopy, enabling systematic exploration of coupling regimes and confirming device controllability. In addition, we use this setup to carry out excited-state spectroscopy of strongly correlated states in the DQD, revealing the formation of Wigner molecules and illustrating how the hybrid architecture can be harnessed to access many-body physics. While these experiments in Ge demonstrate how strong coupling can be harnessed to explore qubit physics and correlated states, they also exemplify the wider potential of hybrid cQED. A particularly pressing application is in quantum optics, where efficient single-photon detectors are still lacking in the microwave regime. Such detectors are essential for enabling experiments in quantum communication and microwave quantum optics. In the second part of this thesis, we address this challenge by realizing a photodetector based on a GaAs DQD coupled to a superconducting resonator. The detector operates via photon-to-charge conversion and achieves efficiencies approaching unity. Strong coupling plays a central role by ensuring that incoming photons are absorbed before being lost to the environment, which is key to the high performance of the detector. We further exploit the frequency tunability of the resonator to investigate device performance and identify the parameters that optimize detection efficiency. The broader impact of this work lies in advancing quantum technologies that rely on coherent microwave photons. Applications include spin qubit readout, long-distance photon-mediated coupling, quantum communication, and microwave quantum optics. Looking forward, planar Ge is identified as a highly competitive platform for hybrid cQED. Future directions include the development of single-photon sources, quantum- limited detectors, and analog quantum simulators based on engineered resonator-qubit arrays.
Spin qubits and superconducting qubits are among the promising candidates for realizing a solid state quantum computer. For the implementation of a hybrid architecture which can profit from the advantages of either approach, a coherent link is necessary that integrates and controllably couples both qubit types on the same chip over a distance that is several orders of magnitude longer than the physical size of the spin qubit. We realize such a link with a frequency-tunable high impedance SQUID array resonator. The spin qubit is a resonant exchange qubit hosted in a GaAs triple quantum dot. It can be operated at zero magnetic field, allowing it to coexist with superconducting qubits on the same chip. We spectroscopically observe coherent interaction between the resonant exchange qubit and a transmon qubit in both resonant and dispersive regimes, where the interaction is mediated either by real or virtual resonator photons.
Time-reversal-symmetry breaking (TRSB) has been central to detecting exotic phases of matter. Here, we leverage the circuit electrodynamics capabilities of superconducting devices to propose a scheme based on a multimode superconducting ring resonator for the sensitive probing of TRSB in quantum materials. A ring resonator enables nonlinear cross-interactions between the modes which act as built-in amplifiers to be harnessed for enhanced sensing. Using a driven-dissipative model, we explore the nonlinear dynamics of a two-mode superconducting circuit with self- and cross-Kerr nonlinearities under conditions near the bifurcation threshold. By mapping the optimal parameter regimes, we show that even when the photon occupation numbers are subjected to different initial conditions, they can be driven into a symmetric configuration which is broken even with weak TRSB. Through a full quantum analysis we demonstrate that the Kerr-nonlinear interactions up-convert the magnetic effects of the material-resonator hybrid system, enhancing the probing of TRSB. Our findings highlight the utility of superconducting microwave resonators outside of quantum information processing, as a tool for probing exotic states of matter.
Superconducting resonators with high quality factors are extremely sensitive detectors of the complex impedance of materials and devices coupled to them. This capability has been used to measure losses in multiple different materials and, in the case of circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED), has been used to measure the coherent evolution of multiple different types of qubits. Here, we report on the implementation of a scanning resonator for probing quantum coherent devices. Our scanning setup enables tunable coherent coupling to systems of interest without the need for fabricating on-chip superconducting resonators. We measure the internal quality factor of our resonator sensor in the single-photon regime to be >104 and demonstrate capacitive imaging using our sensor with zeptoFarad sensitivity and micron spatial resolution at milliKelvin temperatures. We then use our setup to characterize the energy spectrum and coherence times of multiple transmon qubits with no on-chip readout circuitry. Our experiments introduce a new tool for using circuit QED to measure existing and proposed qubit platforms.