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arXiv:2509.09084 · Physical Review A

Exploring photon blockade in multimode Jaynes-Cummings models with two-photon dissipation

Caden McCollum, Imran M. Mirza

Published Jan 9, 2026• 3 citations

Abstract

The photon blockade phenomenon, a promising tool for realizing efficient single-photon sources, is the central focus of our work. We study this phenomenon within the context of the multimode extension of the Jaynes-Cummings model, incorporating two-photon dissipation and external coherent driving. Operating in the weak-driving regime, we confine our analysis to the two-excitation sector of the Hilbert space, initially exploring the single-mode case and then focusing on the corresponding multimode problem. Our study calculates the second-order correlation function (both numerically and analytically) for zero- and nonzero time delays in single- and multimode cases, to pinpoint and validate the conditions that lead to conventional and unconventional photon blockade. Our zero delay findings reveal that photon antibunching is comparable in both cases; however, the multimode case offers a greater degree of control and applicability. Furthermore, for non-zero delay operation, we find that when one of the multiple modes is set at the optimal conventional photon blockade conditions, the behavior of the curve mimics the single-mode problem with an overall slower rate of reaching the $g^{(2)}(τ)=1$ value. These results highlight the practical implications of our findings for building useful single-photon sources.

DOI: 10.1103/bns1-75kg

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The photon blockade phenomenon, a promising tool for realizing efficient single-photon sources, is the central focus of our work. We study this phenomenon within the context of the multimode extension of the Jaynes-Cummings model, incorporating two-photon dissipation and external coherent driving. Operating in the weak-driving regime, we confine our analysis to the two-excitation sector of the Hilbert space, initially exploring the single-mode case and then focusing on the corresponding multimode problem. Our study calculates the second-order correlation function (both numerically and analytically) for zero- and nonzero time delays in single- and multimode cases, to pinpoint and validate the conditions that lead to conventional and unconventional photon blockade. Our zero delay findings reveal that photon antibunching is comparable in both cases; however, the multimode case offers a greater degree of control and applicability. Furthermore, for non-zero delay operation, we find that when one of the multiple modes is set at the optimal conventional photon blockade conditions, the behavior of the curve mimics the single-mode problem with an overall slower rate of reaching the

g^{(2)}(τ)=1

value. These results highlight the practical implications of our findings for building useful single-photon sources.

In a two-frequency cavity driving and atom driving atom-cavity system, we find the photon blockade effect. In a truncated eigenstates space, we calculate the zero-delay second-order correlation function of the cavity mode analytically and obtain an optimal condition for the photon blockade. By including three transition pathways, we find that higher excitations of the cavity mode can be further suppressed and the zero-delay second-order correlation function can be reduced additionally. Based on the master equation, we simulate the system evolution and find that the analytical solutions match well with the numerical results. Our scheme is robust with small fluctuations of parameters and may be used as a new type of single photon source.

We propose a scheme to generate a single-photon source based on photon blockade in the Jaynes-Cummings (J-C) model with a two-photon dissipation (TPD) process. We present the optimal conditions for conventional/unconventional photon blockade via the wave function method with an effective Hamiltonian involving TPD. The results show that the second-order correlation function for the J-C model with TPD is considerably less than that of the J-C model with single-photon dissipation. Additionally, the average photon number can reach 0.5 in the large atomic detuning regime. This feature makes the J-C model with TPD a high-quality single photon source.

Photon blockades are traditionally classified into conventional and unconventional types, depending on distinct physical mechanisms. Regarding the cavity decay rate κ, the conventional photon blockade takes place under strong nonlinearity condition (g>κ), whereas the unconventional photon blockade occurs in the regime of weak nonlinearity (g<κ). We here propose how to derive an optimal condition for photon blockade utilizing a two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model. Under this condition, the equal-time second-order correlation function reaches its minimum, leading to photon antibunching in both conventional and unconventional photon blockade regimes (g>κ and g<κ), even in g∼κ. This characteristic is termed universal photon blockade. By comparing it with the conventional and the unconventional photon blockades in the weak-driving limit, the advantages of universal photon blockade are revealed. Our proposal paves an avenue towards the future study of photon blockades and has potential applications in generating antibunched photons.

We explore a method for achieving photon blockade (PB) through a two-photon Jaynes-Cummings (JC) model that includes both cavity and atom drivings. Analytical expressions for the steady state are derived to calculate photon-number distribution and correlation functions. Based on this analysis, we establish the theoretical conditions required for generating PB by controlling both drivings and propose a scheme to identify conventional photon blockade (CPB) and unconventional photon blockade (UPB) by analyzing the second- and third-order correlation functions. We validate our findings through numerical simulations conducted in an artificial atom system. We discuss two cases, one in which the transition frequency of the two-level atom is in two-photon resonance with the cavity frequency and the other in which it is off-resonance. We observe a significant interplay between CPB and UPB effects in the resonant case. In the off-resonance case, we demonstrate that UPB can be achieved by manipulating the strengths of atom driving and cavity driving to satisfy a specific relationship while meeting the requirements for optimal detuning relations. This work provides essential insights into controlling the PB effect using the two-photon JC model with both the atom and cavity drivings.

Abstract We have investigated the unconventional photon blockade (UPB) in a hybrid system consisting of a Jaynes–Cummings model nonlinearly coupled with two other modes via a three-wave mixing interaction, operating in the weak coupling regime (compared with the decay rates of the system). We present both analytical and numerical results, obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation and the quantum master equation, respectively. The results show that the numerical simulations agree well with the analytical predictions and that the UPB effect would occur in this hybrid system both in the cavity-driven and atom-driven conditions. Under both driving conditions, the hybrid system could exhibit superior performance over the Jaynes–Cummings model under the same driving condition, i.e. achieve a stronger photon blockade effect. The influences of driving strength and coupling coefficient on photon blockade effect have also been discussed. Our finding may have potential applications in single-photon sources design.

We investigate the photon blockade effect in a Jaynes-Cummings hybrid system with Kerr nonlinearity. Specifically, the hybrid system consists of a Jaynes-Cummings model nonlinearly coupled to two other optical modes. Our results, supported by both analytical calculations and numerical simulations, show that strong photon antibunching can occur in this system. Compared with a system without Kerr nonlinearity, the proposed system exhibits a stronger photon blockade effect due to the superposition of unconventional (quantum interference) and conventional (Kerr-induced anharmonicity) blockade mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the influences of Jaynes-Cummings coupling and driving strength on the photon blockade. Our findings may contribute to the design and application of single-photon source devices.