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arXiv:2508.05751

Generalized Holstein-Primakoff mapping and $1/N$ expansion of collective spin systems undergoing single particle dissipation

Diego Barberena

Published Aug 7, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

We develop a generalization of the Schwinger boson and Holstein-Primakoff transformations that is applicable to ensembles of $N$ spin $1/2$'s with weak permutational symmetry. These generalized mappings are constructed by introducing two independent bosonic variables that describe fluctuations parallel and transverse to the collective Bloch vector built out of the original spin $1/2$'s. Using this representation, we develop a systematic $1/N$ expansion and write down explicitly leading and next-to-leading order terms. We then illustrate how to apply these techniques using four example systems: (i) an ensemble of atoms undergoing spontaneous emission, incoherent pumping and single particle dephasing; (ii) a superradiant laser above and in the vicinity of the upper lasing transition; (iii) the all-to-all transverse field Ising model subject to incoherent pumping in the vicinity of its ordering phase transition; and (iv) the Dicke model at finite temperature both away and in the vicinity of its thermal phase transition. Thus, these mappings provide a common, Bloch-sphere based, geometrical description of all-to-all systems subject to single particle dissipation or at finite temperature, including their phase transitions.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2508.05751

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We develop a generalization of the Schwinger boson and Holstein-Primakoff transformations that is applicable to ensembles of NNN spin 1/21/21/2's with weak permutational symmetry. These generalized mappings are constructed by introducing two independent bosonic variables that describe fluctuations parallel and transverse to the collective Bloch vector built out of the original spin 1/21/21/2's. Using this representation, we develop a systematic 1/N1/N1/N expansion and write down explicitly leading and next-to-leading order terms. We then illustrate how to apply these techniques using four example systems: (i) an ensemble of atoms undergoing spontaneous emission, incoherent pumping and single particle dephasing; (ii) a superradiant laser above and in the vicinity of the upper lasing transition; (iii) the all-to-all transverse field Ising model subject to incoherent pumping in the vicinity of its ordering phase transition; and (iv) the Dicke model at finite temperature both away and in the vicinity of its thermal phase transition. Thus, these mappings provide a common, Bloch-sphere based, geometrical description of all-to-all systems subject to single particle dissipation or at finite temperature, including their phase transitions.
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A Hamiltonian describing the collective behaviour of N interacting spins can be mapped to a bosonic one employing the Holstein-Primakoff realisation, at the expense of having an infinite series in powers of the boson creation and annihilation operators. Truncating this series up to quadratic terms allows for the obtention of analytic solutions through a Bogoliubov transformation, which becomes exact in the limit N -> infinit. The Hamiltonian exhibits a phase transition from single spin excitations to a collective mode. In a vicinity of this phase transition the truncated solutions predict the existence of singularities for finite number of spins, which have no counterpart in the exact diagonalization. Renormalisation allows to extract from these divergences the exact behaviour of relevant observables with the number of spins around the phase transition, and relate it with the class of universality to which the model belongs. In the present work a detailed analysis of these aspects is presented for the Lipkin model.