Quantum computers represent a radical technological breakthrough in information processing by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to solve highly complex problems beyond the reach of classical systems. However, in the current NISQ era (noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices), the available hardware presents several limitations, such as a limited number of qubits, high error rates, and short coherence times. Efficient management of quantum resources, both physical and logical, is especially relevant in the design and deployment of quantum algorithms. In this paper, we analyze the role of resources in current uses of NISQ devices, identifying their relevance and implications for quantum software engineering. With this contribution, we aim to strengthen the field of Quantum Resource Estimation (QRE) and move toward scalable and reliable quantum software development
Quantum computers represent a radical technological breakthrough in information processing by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to solve highly complex problems beyond the reach of classical systems. However, in the current NISQ era (noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices), the available hardware presents several limitations, such as a limited number of qubits, high error rates, and short coherence times. Efficient management of quantum resources, both physical and logical, is especially relevant in the design and deployment of quantum algorithms. In this paper, we analyze the role of resources in current uses of NISQ devices, identifying their relevance and implications for quantum software engineering. With this contribution, we aim to strengthen the field of Quantum Resource Estimation (QRE) and move toward scalable and reliable quantum software development
Quantum computers represent a radical technological advancement in the way information is processed by using the principles of quantum mechanics to solve very complex problems that exceed the capabilities of classical systems. However, in the current NISQ era (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices), the available hardware presents several limitations, such as a limited number of qubits, high error rates, and reduced coherence times. Efficient management of quantum resources, both physical (qubits, error rates, connectivity) and logical (quantum gates, algorithms, error correction), becomes particularly relevant in the design and deployment of quantum algorithms. In this work, we analyze the role of resources in the various uses of NISQ devices today, identifying their relevance and implications for software engineering focused on the use of quantum computers. We propose a vision for runtime-aware quantum software development, identifying key challenges to its realization, such as limited introspection capabilities and temporal constraints in current platforms. As a proof of concept, we introduce Qonscious, a prototype framework that enables conditional execution of quantum programs based on dynamic resource evaluation. With this contribution, we aim to strengthen the field of Quantum Resource Estimation (QRE) and move towards the development of scalable, reliable, and resource-aware quantum software.
Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems that are outside the scope of classical systems, making it a standard shifter. Current devices, which are considered as Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) systems, are insufficient in their practical utility due to hardware limitations, error rates, and qubit counts. The dynamic growths wanted to exceed the NISQ era and grow scalable quantum algorithms and architectures that can achieve useful quantum benefit in real-world applications are reviewed in this research. This research gives a comprehensive examination of the complications in scaling quantum systems, adjacent resource efficacy, qubit connectivity, and error correction. In addition to connecting architectural innovations like modular quantum computing, error-resilient circuit design, and distributed quantum systems, the paper provides new hybrid quantum-classical algorithms planned to exploit performance in noisy environments. Results from benchmarking in arenas like machine learning, optimization, and quantum chemistry show how these methods can provide short-term quantum benefit. Lastly, this paper proposes a research roadmap for quantum computing that highlights the requirement of co-designing algorithms, software, and hardware. The goal of this effort is to straighten the progress of quantum systems that can resolve problems in the real world at scale by addressing the inadequacies of NISQ devices and emphasizing scalable solutions.
The development of quantum computing relies heavily on the effective execution of quantum algorithms. However, current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers are plagued by limitations such as short coherence times and significant error rates, posing substantial challenges to scheduling and execution. This paper introduces a novel dynamic resource-aware scheduling algorithm designed to mitigate these challenges. The core of the algorithm lies in its ability to adapt to the fluctuating noise levels and coherence times of the quantum hardware, intelligently prioritizing tasks based on their estimated computational cost and error probability. We demonstrate that this adaptive approach significantly improves the potential for successful quantum algorithm execution on NISQ devices, offering a pathway towards more efficient and reliable quantum computation. The algorithm's effectiveness is evaluated through theoretical analysis and conceptual modeling, focusing on the optimization of resource allocation and task prioritization within the constraints of NISQ technology. This research contributes to the growing field of quantum resource management and scheduling, providing a framework for tackling the complexities inherent in operating quantum computers.
Abstract: The accelerated development of quantum computing is offering new paradigms on how computationally intensiveproblems can be solved, which are beyond the feasibility bound aries of classical systems. Optimal quantum system operationin resources has thus become a research challenge of particular concern especially when considering hybrid quantum-classicalinfrastructure and near-term Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. This survey is an overview of recent studies inthe area of quantum resource management, including more than 40 academic articles published since 2015. This paper suggests a four-layer taxonomy, where hardware level (quantum resource, quantum memory, coherence time,and quantum memory), algorithm-level (quantum optimization algorithm: QAOA and VQE), system-level (scheduling, allocation,and hybrid cloud integration) and application-level (quantum resource, application domain) deployments are used to categorize quantum resource management mechanisms. Moreover, the survey reviews cross-sectoral uses of quantum computing inagriculture, healthcare, industrial optimization, and the systems of the public, which is a promising use of quantum-enableddecision support and large-scale optimization. In addition to a synthesis of the available studies, the paperreveals the major constraints associated with current methods such as difficulties in scalability, sensitivity to noise, and thelack of developed resource orchestration systems. On the basis of these observations, a research roadmap is suggested, whichrepresents how quantum resource management may evolve be yond NISQ-implementation-based approaches to scalable faulttolerant quantum infrastructures. The survey is expected to give a systematic view of the new quantum resource managementstrategies to the researchers and practitioners, and also display potential directions of future research.
A universal fault-tolerant quantum computer that can solve efficiently problems such as integer factorization and unstructured database search requires millions of qubits with low error rates and long coherence times. While the experimental advancement towards realizing such devices will potentially take decades of research, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers already exist. These computers are composed of hundreds of noisy qubits, i.e. qubits that are not error-corrected, and therefore perform imperfect operations in a limited coherence time. In the search for quantum advantage with these devices, algorithms have been proposed for applications in various disciplines spanning physics, machine learning, quantum chemistry and combinatorial optimization. The goal of such algorithms is to leverage the limited available resources to perform classically challenging tasks. In this review, we provide a thorough summary of NISQ computational paradigms and algorithms. We discuss the key structure of these algorithms, their limitations, and advantages. We additionally provide a comprehensive overview of various benchmarking and software tools useful for programming and testing NISQ devices.
Quantum computing represents a fundamental shift in computation, promising to solve problems currently intractable for classical computers. However, misconceptions persist; quantum computers are not universally faster, nor do they replace classical systems. Current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices face significant challenges, including decoherence, high error rates, and limited scalability. Additionally, leveraging quantum systems requires rethinking traditional computing principles, adopting different programming models, and addressing the complexities of integrating quantum and classical workflows, making their practical use in computer science both demanding and non-trivial. This article provides a system-level perspective on quantum computing for computer scientists, software engineers, and IT professionals, examining its current capabilities, key architectural and software challenges, and potential paths toward quantum advantage in real-world applications within hybrid quantum-classical environments.