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arXiv:2507.01497

Fiber transmission of cluster states via multi-level time-bin encoding

Philip Rübeling, Robert Johanning, Jan Heine, Oleksandr V. Marchukov, Michael Kues

Published Jul 2, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

The next generation of telecommunication networks will rely on the transmission of complex quantum states to enable secure and transformative information processing, utilizing entanglement and superposition. Cluster states - multipartite entangled states that retain entanglement under local measurements - are a vital resource for quantum networking applications such as blind photonic quantum computing, quantum state teleportation and all-photonic quantum repeaters. However, the transmission of cluster states over optical fiber has remained elusive with previous approaches. Here, we demonstrate the first transmission of a four-qubit cluster state over 25 km of single-mode fiber by using a two-photon multi-level time-bin encoding. We directly generate the state by exploiting coherent control of a parametric generation process, rendering a resource-intensive controlled-phase gate obsolete. To enable efficient and reconfigurable projective measurements on the multi-level time-bin encoded state, we introduce chirped-pulse modulation and implement the first time-bin beam splitter, allowing us to certify genuine multipartite entanglement and to demonstrate one-way computing operations. Our approach enables the transmission of complex quantum states over long-distance fibers, permitting the implementation of multipartite protocols and laying the foundation for large-scale quantum resource networks.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2507.01497

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The next generation of telecommunication networks will rely on the transmission of complex quantum states to enable secure and transformative information processing, utilizing entanglement and superposition. Cluster states - multipartite entangled states that retain entanglement under local measurements - are a vital resource for quantum networking applications such as blind photonic quantum computing, quantum state teleportation and all-photonic quantum repeaters. However, the transmission of cluster states over optical fiber has remained elusive with previous approaches. Here, we demonstrate the first transmission of a four-qubit cluster state over 25 km of single-mode fiber by using a two-photon multi-level time-bin encoding. We directly generate the state by exploiting coherent control of a parametric generation process, rendering a resource-intensive controlled-phase gate obsolete. To enable efficient and reconfigurable projective measurements on the multi-level time-bin encoded state, we introduce chirped-pulse modulation and implement the first time-bin beam splitter, allowing us to certify genuine multipartite entanglement and to demonstrate one-way computing operations. Our approach enables the transmission of complex quantum states over long-distance fibers, permitting the implementation of multipartite protocols and laying the foundation for large-scale quantum resource networks.
The next generation of telecommunication networks will rely on the distribution of complex quantum resources to enable secure and transformative information processing, utilizing entanglement and superposition. Cluster states-multi-qubit entangled states that retain entanglement under local measurements-are the central resource for measurement-based quantum information processing and compelling for quantum networking applications including blind quantum computing and quantum key agreement. However, transmitting cluster states over optical fiber has remained elusive with previous approaches, as losses scale exponentially with the number of photons. Here, we report the first transmission of a four-qubit cluster state to two parties over a partially deployed single-mode fiber link. The qubits of this state are encoded in two photons with multi-level time-bins. We directly generate the cluster state by exploiting coherent control of a parametric generation process, rendering a resource-intensive controlled-phase gate obsolete. To enable processing of this state, we introduce beam splitting for time-bins via chirped pulse modulation-a novel, reconfigurable Fourier-domain pulse shaping technique. We certify genuine multi-qubit entanglement and demonstrate one-way computing primitives on the transmitted cluster state. Our approach achieves the transmission of cluster states over optical fiber, establishing complex quantum resources fully compatible with telecommunication infrastructure.
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Nonlocal entanglement generation among multiple remote quantum nodes provides a critical foundation for a variety of counterintuitive quantum applications. The exponential loss of photons transmitting over optical fibers sets an upper limit for entangling these quantum nodes. Here, we propose a resource-efficient and parallel protocol for entangling multiple remote quantum nodes via time-bin multiplexing. The transmission of a single photon with qudit-encoding in the time-bin mode enables entangling multiple stationary qubits in parallel when single photons and individual stationary qubit interfaces are used and photon-state modulations are properly introduced before subsequently impinging the photon into each interface. Our protocol can generate parallel multipartite entanglement among (N≥3) quantum nodes with the dimension of the photonic time bins independent of N, exponentially reducing the requirements for the coherence time of the stationary qubits and for the complexity of the photonic modulations. These distinct features make our protocol particularly advantageous for the development of multinode quantum networks.
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