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arXiv:2505.24604

Precision bounds for bosonic quantum batteries

Beatriz Polo, Federico Centrone

Published May 30, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study precision charging in bosonic quantum batteries under a finite-energy constraint, using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of delivered excitations as an operational metric directly tied to the energy measured at a load. At the state level, we derive a classical bound whose violation is equivalent to antibunching and certifies non-classicality, and a Gaussian bound whose violation certifies non-Gaussianity under fixed temperature and energy-input constraints. We identify experimentally accessible non-Gaussian families that surpass this Gaussian bound at finite temperature, thereby establishing non-Gaussianity as a resource for enhanced charging precision. Finally, we introduce a linear photodetection model which, under standard linear-response assumptions, propagates these bounds to the photocurrent level and enables both witnesses to be evaluated solely from electrical statistics. Together, these results provide a realistic route to demonstrating an operational quantum advantage-defined as surpassing classical and Gaussian precision bounds-in a thermodynamically motivated energy-conversion task, with plausible near-term applications to the precision charging of fragile nanoscopic loads.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2505.24604

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We study precision charging in bosonic quantum batteries under a finite-energy constraint, using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of delivered excitations as an operational metric directly tied to the energy measured at a load. At the state level, we derive a classical bound whose violation is equivalent to antibunching and certifies non-classicality, and a Gaussian bound whose violation certifies non-Gaussianity under fixed temperature and energy-input constraints. We identify experimentally accessible non-Gaussian families that surpass this Gaussian bound at finite temperature, thereby establishing non-Gaussianity as a resource for enhanced charging precision. Finally, we introduce a linear photodetection model which, under standard linear-response assumptions, propagates these bounds to the photocurrent level and enables both witnesses to be evaluated solely from electrical statistics. Together, these results provide a realistic route to demonstrating an operational quantum advantage-defined as surpassing classical and Gaussian precision bounds-in a thermodynamically motivated energy-conversion task, with plausible near-term applications to the precision charging of fragile nanoscopic loads.
Precision, robustness, and efficiency are central requirements for quantum technologies. We show that genuine quantum features combined with non-Gaussianity enable the simultaneous optimization of these properties in a quantum battery-charging process. Using a generalized Jaynes-Cummings interaction as a paradigmatic light-matter interaction model, we apply the Full Counting Statistics to characterize stochastic energy exchanges between a stack of qubits and a single-mode bosonic field. We demonstrate that a sequential charging protocol driven by a non-Gaussian quantum field yields high performance in charging precision, which remains maximal even under suboptimal operating conditions. Our results establish the use of non-Gaussian quantum-states in battery charging as a robust route to a quantum precision advantage over protocols based on Gaussian states, achieved through the suppression of detrimental quantum fluctuations.
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Within quantum thermodynamics, many tasks are modeled by processes that require work sources represented by out-of-equilibrium quantum systems, often dubbed quantum batteries, in which work can be deposited or from which work can be extracted. Here we consider quantum batteries modeled as finite-dimensional quantum systems initially in thermal equilibrium that are charged via cyclic Hamiltonian processes. We present optimal or near-optimal protocols for N identical two-level systems and individual d-level systems with equally spaced energy gaps in terms of the charging precision and work fluctuations during the charging process. We analyze the trade-off between these figures of merit as well as the performance of local and global operations.
Quantum batteries represent one of the most promising applications of quantum thermodynamics, whose goal is not only to store energy inside small quantum systems but also to potentially leverage genuine quantum effects to outperform classical counterparts. In this context, however, energy fluctuations become extremely relevant and have a significant impact on the charging efficiency. In our work, we consider a simple yet paradigmatic model in which a flying qubit (the battery) coherently interacts with a single mode optical cavity (the charger) through a number conserving Jaynes-Cummings interaction. By making use of full-counting statistics techniques, we fully characterize the average charging power, its fluctuations and the associated charging efficiency for several different choices of initial states of the optical cavity, demonstrating that preparing the latter in a genuinely quantum non-Gaussian Fock state (rather than a classical or even non-classical Gaussian state) leads to a definite and (in principle) measurable advantage in all these figures of merit.
One of the most fundamental tasks in quantum thermodynamics is extracting energy from one system and subsequently storing this energy in an appropriate battery. Both of these steps, work extraction and charging, can be viewed as cyclic Hamiltonian processes acting on individual quantum systems. Interestingly, so-called passive states exist, whose energy cannot be lowered by unitary operations, but it is safe to assume that the energy of any not fully charged battery may be increased unitarily. However, unitaries raising the average energy by the same amount may differ in qualities such as their precision, fluctuations, and charging power. Moreover, some unitaries may be extremely difficult to realize in practice. It is hence of crucial importance to understand the qualities that can be expected from practically implementable transformations. Here, we consider the limitations on charging batteries when restricting to the feasibly realizable family of Gaussian unitaries. We derive optimal protocols for general unitary operations as well as for the restriction to easier implementable Gaussian unitaries. We find that practical Gaussian battery charging, while performing significantly less well than is possible in principle, still offers asymptotically vanishing relative charge variances and fluctuations.